{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221085426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24040488","title":"Unconditional Authentication Based on Physical Layer Offered Chain Key in Wireless Communication","display_name":"Unconditional Authentication Based on Physical Layer Offered Chain Key in Wireless Communication","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221085426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24040488","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35455151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24040488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24040488","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/4/488/pdf?version=1648722803","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/4/488/pdf?version=1648722803","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770383","display_name":"Shaoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4850-4158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communication Technology Office, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communication Technology Office, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079614008","display_name":"Kaizhi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7084-3826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaizhi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communication Technology Office, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communication Technology Office, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109238781","display_name":"Xiaoming Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4670-8411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communication Technology Office, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communication Technology Office, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101899030","display_name":"Xiaoyan Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4312-9889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communication Technology Office, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communication Technology Office, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082674796","display_name":"Jing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4639-6592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communication Technology Office, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communication Technology Office, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026663721","display_name":"Liang Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6464-6263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communication Technology Office, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communication Technology Office, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026663721"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02753778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"488","last_page":"488"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.6605704426765442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6160752177238464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5996754169464111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5907789468765259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5399091839790344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5041025876998901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4898535907268524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.4205317199230194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation","display_name":"Key generation","score":0.4153212010860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34183308482170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3178357481956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17296847701072693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.13780620694160461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.09441712498664856}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.6605704426765442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6160752177238464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5996754169464111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5907789468765259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5399091839790344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5041025876998901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4898535907268524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.4205317199230194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.4153212010860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34183308482170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3178357481956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17296847701072693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.13780620694160461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.09441712498664856}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24040488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24040488","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/4/488/pdf?version=1648722803","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35455151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35455151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:56cdba1759c8484b9f0ea8110e70847f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/56cdba1759c8484b9f0ea8110e70847f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 4, p 488 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/4/488/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24040488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 4; Pages: 488","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9031411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9031411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24040488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24040488","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/4/488/pdf?version=1648722803","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7804290710","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221085426.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221085426.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577093677","https://openalex.org/W1919042217","https://openalex.org/W2011095011","https://openalex.org/W2028627312","https://openalex.org/W2028732372","https://openalex.org/W2106332032","https://openalex.org/W2131110609","https://openalex.org/W2149191412","https://openalex.org/W2149510322","https://openalex.org/W2211672254","https://openalex.org/W2283429465","https://openalex.org/W2523321567","https://openalex.org/W2770045199","https://openalex.org/W2784160444","https://openalex.org/W2789415212","https://openalex.org/W2808669017","https://openalex.org/W2808690133","https://openalex.org/W2891054065","https://openalex.org/W2891989467","https://openalex.org/W2896976355","https://openalex.org/W2945217752","https://openalex.org/W2953526560","https://openalex.org/W2963190722","https://openalex.org/W2967056962","https://openalex.org/W2980245908","https://openalex.org/W2981994442","https://openalex.org/W2998948997","https://openalex.org/W3000708128","https://openalex.org/W3002413507","https://openalex.org/W3007256892","https://openalex.org/W3007970939","https://openalex.org/W3014187232","https://openalex.org/W3039670422","https://openalex.org/W3047613828","https://openalex.org/W3049088677","https://openalex.org/W3087789612","https://openalex.org/W3089122921","https://openalex.org/W3093791220","https://openalex.org/W3105319862","https://openalex.org/W3107650027","https://openalex.org/W3114262415","https://openalex.org/W3160882780","https://openalex.org/W4236509984","https://openalex.org/W6637795166","https://openalex.org/W6657527649","https://openalex.org/W6727125639","https://openalex.org/W6782156051","https://openalex.org/W6784797844"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320075926","https://openalex.org/W3167206921","https://openalex.org/W1919042217","https://openalex.org/W3080982036","https://openalex.org/W3205185567","https://openalex.org/W3209591750","https://openalex.org/W2995273700","https://openalex.org/W2034419863","https://openalex.org/W2790173195","https://openalex.org/W2296396257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Authentication":[0],"is":[1,37,48,129,171,186,189,203],"a":[2,80,99,121,196],"critical":[3],"issue":[4],"in":[5,33,117],"wireless":[6,34,81,91],"communication":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,102,236,253],"the":[10,16,22,46,110,113,149,156,163,174,180,183,204,207,215,226,229,232,239,242,245,249,255],"impersonation":[11],"and":[12,41,54,162,231,244],"substitution":[13],"attacks":[14],"from":[15,90,155,173],"vulnerable":[17],"air":[18],"interface":[19],"launched":[20],"by":[21,147],"malicious":[23],"node.":[24],"There":[25],"are":[26,145,220],"currently":[27],"two":[28],"kinds":[29],"of":[30,62,112,169,176,182,198,206,228,241,248],"authentication":[31,83,96,115,193,219,233,250],"research":[32],"communication.":[35],"One":[36],"based":[38,49,85],"on":[39,43,50,86],"cryptography":[40],"relies":[42],"computational":[44],"complexity,":[45],"other":[47],"physical":[51,122,140,150],"layer":[52,123,141,151],"fingerprint":[53],"can":[55,132,194],"not":[56],"protect":[57],"data":[58],"integrity":[59],"well.":[60],"Both":[61],"these":[63],"approaches":[64],"will":[65],"become":[66],"insecure":[67],"when":[68],"facing":[69],"attackers":[70],"with":[71],"infinite":[72,104],"computing":[73,105],"power.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76,118],"paper,":[77],"we":[78,257],"develop":[79],"unconditional":[82,95,114,137,192,218],"framework":[84,97,116],"one-time":[87,134,208],"keys":[88,135,144,153],"generated":[89,146],"channel.":[92],"The":[93,139,167],"proposed":[94],"provides":[98],"new":[100],"perspective":[101,175],"resist":[103],"power":[106],"attackers.":[107],"We":[108],"study":[109],"performance":[111],"paper.":[119],"First,":[120],"offered":[124,142],"chain":[125,143,165],"key":[126,209,230],"(PHYLOCK)":[127],"structure":[128],"proposed,":[130],"which":[131],"provide":[133],"for":[136,211,217],"authentication.":[138],"XORing":[148],"updated":[152],"extracted":[154],"current":[157],"channel":[158],"state":[159],"information":[160,177],"(CSI)":[161],"previous":[164],"keys.":[166],"security":[168],"PHYLOCK":[170],"analyzed":[172],"theory.":[178],"Then,":[179],"boundary":[181],"deception":[184,199],"probability":[185,197],"conducted.":[187],"It":[188],"shown":[190],"that":[191,225],"achieve":[195],"2-12Hk,":[200],"where":[201],"Hk":[202],"entropy":[205],"used":[210],"one":[212],"message.":[213],"Finally,":[214],"conditions":[216],"listed.":[221,258],"Our":[222],"analysis":[223],"shows":[224],"length":[227,240],"code":[234,251],"need":[235,252],"be":[237],"twice":[238],"message":[243],"encoding":[246],"rules":[247],"satisfy":[254],"restrictions":[256]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}