{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213447841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24030313","title":"Transfer-Learning-Based Approach for the Diagnosis of Lung Diseases from Chest X-ray Images","display_name":"Transfer-Learning-Based Approach for the Diagnosis of Lung Diseases from Chest X-ray Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213447841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24030313","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35327823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24030313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24030313","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/3/313/pdf?version=1645685488","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/3/313/pdf?version=1645685488","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062583843","display_name":"Rong Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0814-0548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062973946","display_name":"Shengrong Bu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3523-8126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186803428","display_name":"Brock University","ror":"https://ror.org/056am2717","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shengrong Bu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3523-8126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062973946"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.5869,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89429865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"313","last_page":"313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.7778311371803284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7131798267364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.639912486076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5678242444992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.5366605520248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5197789072990417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4652149975299835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35089415311813354}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.7778311371803284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7131798267364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.639912486076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5678242444992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.5366605520248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5197789072990417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4652149975299835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35089415311813354}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24030313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24030313","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/3/313/pdf?version=1645685488","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35327823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35327823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:92e89f8a801147f3921e46c1d5dbca3b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/92e89f8a801147f3921e46c1d5dbca3b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 24, Iss 3, p 313 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.library.brocku.ca:10464/15642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10464/15642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401333","display_name":"Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186803428","host_organization_name":"Brock University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/24/3/313/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24030313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 24; Issue 3; Pages: 313","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8947580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8947580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e24030313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e24030313","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/3/313/pdf?version=1645685488","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323140","display_name":"Brock University","ror":"https://ror.org/056am2717"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213447841.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213447841.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2015452969","https://openalex.org/W2032401848","https://openalex.org/W2105138955","https://openalex.org/W2107858472","https://openalex.org/W2115403315","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2521537533","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2619768077","https://openalex.org/W2792416626","https://openalex.org/W2948666538","https://openalex.org/W2983132969","https://openalex.org/W3036908895","https://openalex.org/W3037096201","https://openalex.org/W3038835370","https://openalex.org/W3044770281","https://openalex.org/W3045346211","https://openalex.org/W3045460727","https://openalex.org/W3101156210","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3133628563","https://openalex.org/W4246335135"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206357785","https://openalex.org/W3192840557","https://openalex.org/W4281381188","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3023427754","https://openalex.org/W4375928479","https://openalex.org/W3131673289","https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W3198847674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"chest":[1,38],"X-ray":[2,39],"images":[3,40],"is":[4,34],"one":[5],"of":[6],"the":[7,54,96,106,129,132,136],"least":[8],"expensive":[9],"and":[10,24,75,90,109,124,131],"easiest":[11],"ways":[12],"to":[13,36,52,62,105],"diagnose":[14],"patients":[15],"who":[16],"suffer":[17],"from":[18],"lung":[19],"diseases":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22,115,117],"pneumonia":[23],"bronchitis.":[25],"Inspired":[26],"by":[27,119,139,147],"existing":[28],"work,":[29],"a":[30],"deep":[31,55],"learning":[32,56,67],"model":[33,101,137],"proposed":[35,100],"classify":[37],"into":[41],"14":[42],"lung-related":[43],"pathological":[44],"conditions.":[45],"However,":[46],"small":[47],"datasets":[48],"are":[49],"not":[50],"sufficient":[51],"train":[53],"model.":[57],"Two":[58],"methods":[59],"were":[60,81,126],"used":[61,127],"tackle":[63],"this:":[64],"(1)":[65],"transfer":[66],"based":[68],"on":[69],"two":[70],"pretrained":[71],"neural":[72,97],"networks,":[73],"DenseNet":[74],"ResNet,":[76],"was":[77,102],"employed;":[78],"(2)":[79],"data":[80,85,92],"preprocessed,":[82],"including":[83],"checking":[84],"leakage,":[86],"handling":[87],"class":[88,120],"imbalance,":[89],"performing":[91],"augmentation,":[93],"before":[94],"feeding":[95],"network.":[98],"The":[99],"evaluated":[103],"according":[104],"classification":[107],"accuracy":[108,143],"receiver":[110],"operating":[111],"characteristic":[112],"(ROC)":[113],"curves,":[114],"well":[116],"visualized":[118],"activation":[121],"maps.":[122],"DenseNet121":[123,140],"ResNet50":[125],"in":[128],"simulations,":[130],"results":[133],"showed":[134],"that":[135,145],"trained":[138,146],"had":[141],"better":[142],"than":[144],"ResNet50.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
