{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200551480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23121692","title":"MFF-Net: Deepfake Detection Network Based on Multi-Feature Fusion","display_name":"MFF-Net: Deepfake Detection Network Based on Multi-Feature Fusion","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200551480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23121692","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34945998"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23121692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23121692","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/12/1692/pdf?version=1639711781","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/12/1692/pdf?version=1639711781","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100712540","display_name":"Lei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7949-0548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7949-0548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010006218","display_name":"Zhang Ming-cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-8113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingcheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-8113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080389312","display_name":"Hongwei Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-1994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongwei Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-1994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041280931","display_name":"Xiaohui Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-009X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-009X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041280931"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.3275,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90485797,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"1692","last_page":"1692"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9708999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8278768062591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.7190325260162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6972154378890991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.657920777797699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.620039165019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5611009001731873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4219425618648529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.413550466299057}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8278768062591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.7190325260162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6972154378890991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.657920777797699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.620039165019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5611009001731873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4219425618648529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.413550466299057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23121692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23121692","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/12/1692/pdf?version=1639711781","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34945998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34945998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b205ce48baa1415aa4356e08ad2b6741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b205ce48baa1415aa4356e08ad2b6741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 12, p 1692 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/12/1692/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23121692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 12; Pages: 1692","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8700337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8700337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23121692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23121692","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/12/1692/pdf?version=1639711781","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200551480.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200551480.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W2009130368","https://openalex.org/W2281375574","https://openalex.org/W2301937176","https://openalex.org/W2412509443","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2535388113","https://openalex.org/W2603123944","https://openalex.org/W2617322972","https://openalex.org/W2735904389","https://openalex.org/W2738947046","https://openalex.org/W2739748921","https://openalex.org/W2766527293","https://openalex.org/W2785678896","https://openalex.org/W2786289897","https://openalex.org/W2811104224","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2891145043","https://openalex.org/W2893749619","https://openalex.org/W2902617128","https://openalex.org/W2913399670","https://openalex.org/W2942074357","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2963684180","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W2990503944","https://openalex.org/W3012033723","https://openalex.org/W3012472557","https://openalex.org/W3034196597","https://openalex.org/W3034713808","https://openalex.org/W3034795015","https://openalex.org/W3034864980","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3083246145","https://openalex.org/W3094728142","https://openalex.org/W3096651815","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3118738365","https://openalex.org/W3174508664","https://openalex.org/W3175342695","https://openalex.org/W3176241004","https://openalex.org/W6741534998","https://openalex.org/W6753001334","https://openalex.org/W6764542186"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3000097931","https://openalex.org/W2354322770","https://openalex.org/W4237547500","https://openalex.org/W1570848052","https://openalex.org/W2373192430","https://openalex.org/W4239268388","https://openalex.org/W1537496349","https://openalex.org/W2379407973","https://openalex.org/W4243305035","https://openalex.org/W2125195795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Significant":[0],"progress":[1],"has":[2,216,220],"been":[3,17,46],"made":[4],"in":[5,141],"generating":[6],"counterfeit":[7],"images":[8],"and":[9,20,89,96,118,125,174,178,185,208,219],"videos.":[10],"Forged":[11],"videos":[12],"generated":[13],"by":[14,93],"deepfaking":[15],"have":[16,21,45],"widely":[18,56],"spread":[19],"caused":[22],"severe":[23],"societal":[24],"impacts,":[25],"which":[26],"stir":[27],"up":[28],"public":[29],"concern":[30],"about":[31],"automatic":[32],"deepfake":[33,38,83,226],"detection":[34,39,64,84],"technology.":[35],"Recently,":[36],"many":[37],"methods":[40,65],"based":[41],"on":[42,154,224],"forged":[43,51,156],"features":[44,54,88,140,168,184,204],"proposed.":[47],"Among":[48],"the":[49,61,73,122,137,150,155,170,182,198],"popular":[50],"features,":[52],"textural":[53,90,117,139,167,183],"are":[55],"used.":[57],"However,":[58],"most":[59],"of":[60,105,161,205],"current":[62],"texture-based":[63],"extract":[66,116],"textures":[67],"directly":[68],"from":[69,169],"RGB":[70,87,172],"images,":[71],"ignoring":[72],"mature":[74],"spectral":[75],"analysis":[76],"methods.":[77],"Therefore,":[78],"this":[79],"research":[80],"proposes":[81],"a":[82,110,130,192],"network":[85],"fusing":[86],"information":[91,120],"extracted":[92],"neural":[94],"networks":[95],"signal":[97],"processing":[98],"methods,":[99],"namely,":[100],"MFF-Net.":[101],"Specifically,":[102],"it":[103],"consists":[104],"four":[106],"key":[107],"components:":[108],"(1)":[109],"feature":[111,162,175,199],"extraction":[112,176,200],"module":[113,133,147,177,201],"to":[114,134,148,152,164,180,196,202],"further":[115,190],"frequency":[119],"using":[121],"Gabor":[123],"convolution":[124],"residual":[126],"attention":[127,146],"blocks;":[128],"(2)":[129],"texture":[131],"enhancement":[132],"zoom":[135],"into":[136],"subtle":[138],"shallow":[142,171],"layers;":[143],"(3)":[144],"an":[145],"force":[149,197],"classifier":[151],"focus":[153],"part;":[157],"(4)":[158],"two":[159],"instances":[160],"fusion":[163],"firstly":[165],"fuse":[166,181],"branch":[173],"then":[179],"semantic":[186],"information.":[187],"Moreover,":[188],"we":[189],"introduce":[191],"new":[193],"diversity":[194],"loss":[195],"learn":[203],"different":[206],"scales":[207],"directions.":[209],"The":[210],"experimental":[211],"results":[212],"show":[213],"that":[214],"MFF-Net":[215],"excellent":[217],"generalization":[218],"achieved":[221],"state-of-the-art":[222],"performance":[223],"various":[225],"datasets.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
