{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215920528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23121571","title":"Interventional Fairness with Indirect Knowledge of Unobserved Protected Attributes","display_name":"Interventional Fairness with Indirect Knowledge of Unobserved Protected Attributes","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215920528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23121571","mag":"3215920528","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34945877"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23121571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23121571","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/12/1571/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/12/1571/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112842550","display_name":"Sainyam Galhotra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sainyam Galhotra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021188761","display_name":"Karthikeyan Shanmugam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2879-5868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karthikeyan Shanmugam","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060534465","display_name":"Prasanna Sattigeri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4435-0486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prasanna Sattigeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4435-0486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015286159","display_name":"Kush R. Varshney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7376-5536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kush R. Varshney","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7376-5536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112842550"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.4095,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69491438,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"1571","last_page":"1571"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.7640259265899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7339355945587158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.6083725690841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flagging","display_name":"Flagging","score":0.5472894310951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.49942827224731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34762102365493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.31600454449653625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7640259265899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7339355945587158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.6083725690841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777548347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5456937","display_name":"Flagging","level":2,"score":0.5472894310951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.49942827224731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34762102365493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.31600454449653625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23121571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23121571","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/12/1571/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34945877","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34945877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b75d79d5f2a94e949c2f858a7538ed22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b75d79d5f2a94e949c2f858a7538ed22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 12, p 1571 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/12/1571/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23121571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 12; Pages: 1571","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8699829","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8699829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23121571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23121571","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/12/1571/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215920528.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215920528.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1961345416","https://openalex.org/W2043829066","https://openalex.org/W2097246321","https://openalex.org/W2121591532","https://openalex.org/W2132555912","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2624319794","https://openalex.org/W2750585749","https://openalex.org/W2788651580","https://openalex.org/W2804815760","https://openalex.org/W2890945214","https://openalex.org/W2891340972","https://openalex.org/W2912887944","https://openalex.org/W2937400655","https://openalex.org/W2948130259","https://openalex.org/W2949200088","https://openalex.org/W2959197226","https://openalex.org/W2962977061","https://openalex.org/W2963100392","https://openalex.org/W2964132737","https://openalex.org/W2966613548","https://openalex.org/W3037046673","https://openalex.org/W3080323884","https://openalex.org/W3094239814","https://openalex.org/W3101038122","https://openalex.org/W3105610736","https://openalex.org/W4288617781","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6744110554","https://openalex.org/W6748119584","https://openalex.org/W7014198846"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2807886874","https://openalex.org/W2946613364","https://openalex.org/W1697346018","https://openalex.org/W2113326855","https://openalex.org/W611259847","https://openalex.org/W2354785495","https://openalex.org/W642986199","https://openalex.org/W2320858910","https://openalex.org/W3038926424","https://openalex.org/W49929510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,97],"deployment":[1],"of":[2,16,157],"machine":[3],"learning":[4],"(ML)":[5],"systems":[6,54,78],"in":[7,48],"applications":[8],"with":[9,166],"societal":[10],"impact":[11],"has":[12],"motivated":[13],"the":[14,22,28,49,85,91,106,114,121,128,155],"study":[15],"fairness":[17,124],"for":[18,31],"marginalized":[19],"groups.":[20],"Often,":[21],"protected":[23,42,86,116],"attribute":[24,87],"is":[25,88],"absent":[26],"from":[27],"training":[29],"dataset":[30],"legal":[32],"reasons.":[33],"However,":[34],"datasets":[35],"still":[36],"contain":[37],"proxy":[38,107,150],"attributes":[39,108],"that":[40,109,139],"capture":[41],"information":[43],"and":[44,79,90,163,176],"can":[45],"inject":[46],"unfairness":[47],"ML":[50],"model.":[51],"Some":[52],"deployed":[53],"allow":[55],"auditors,":[56],"decision":[57],"makers,":[58],"or":[59,65],"affected":[60],"users":[61],"to":[62,104,147],"report":[63],"issues":[64],"seek":[66],"recourse":[67],"by":[68],"flagging":[69],"individual":[70],"samples.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73],"work,":[74],"we":[75,135],"examine":[76],"such":[77,149],"consider":[80],"a":[81,133],"feedback-based":[82],"framework":[83],"where":[84],"unavailable":[89],"flagged":[92],"samples":[93,99],"are":[94,100,110],"indirect":[95],"knowledge.":[96],"reported":[98],"used":[101],"as":[102],"guidance":[103],"identify":[105,148],"causally":[111],"dependent":[112],"on":[113,144,173],"(unknown)":[115],"attribute.":[117],"We":[118,152],"work":[119],"under":[120],"causal":[122,131],"interventional":[123],"paradigm.":[125],"Without":[126],"requiring":[127],"underlying":[129],"structural":[130],"model":[132],"priori,":[134],"propose":[136],"an":[137,167],"approach":[138],"performs":[140],"conditional":[141],"independence":[142],"tests":[143],"observed":[145],"data":[146],"attributes.":[151],"theoretically":[153],"prove":[154],"optimality":[156],"our":[158],"algorithm,":[159],"bound":[160],"its":[161,171],"complexity,":[162],"complement":[164],"it":[165],"empirical":[168],"evaluation":[169],"demonstrating":[170],"efficacy":[172],"various":[174],"real-world":[175],"synthetic":[177],"datasets.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}