{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211616641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111530","title":"A Transnational and Transregional Study of the Impact and Effectiveness of Social Distancing for COVID-19 Mitigation","display_name":"A Transnational and Transregional Study of the Impact and Effectiveness of Social Distancing for COVID-19 Mitigation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211616641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111530","mag":"3211616641","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34828228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23111530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111530","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/11/1530/pdf?version=1637563419","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/11/1530/pdf?version=1637563419","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014836687","display_name":"T. M. Rocha Filho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7865-4085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tarc\u00edsio M. Rocha Filho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de F\u00edsica and International Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Asa Norte, Bras\u00edlia 70919-970, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de F\u00edsica and International Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Asa Norte, Bras\u00edlia 70919-970, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086861653","display_name":"Marcelo A. Moret","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0051-6309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316675753","display_name":"Universidade do Estado da Bahia","ror":"https://ror.org/015n1m812","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316675753"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcelo A. Moret","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gest\u00e3o e Tecnologia Industrial (PPG), Centro Universit\u00e1rio SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil","Senai CIMATEC, Universidade do Estado da Bahia\u2014UNEB, Salvador 41150-000, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gest\u00e3o e Tecnologia Industrial (PPG), Centro Universit\u00e1rio SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senai CIMATEC, Universidade do Estado da Bahia\u2014UNEB, Salvador 41150-000, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316675753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086031723","display_name":"J. F. F. Mendes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4707-5945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 F. F. Mendes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de F\u00edsica & I3N, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de F\u00edsica & I3N, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014836687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.4534,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60839483,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"11","first_page":"1530","last_page":"1530"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11711","display_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10168","display_name":"COVID-19 and Mental Health","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-distance","display_name":"Social distance","score":0.895001232624054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.8129616975784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.5643083453178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distancing","display_name":"Distancing","score":0.5544438362121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.5503878593444824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.37588298320770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2121274769306183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outbreak","display_name":"Outbreak","score":0.08353596925735474}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.895001232624054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8129616975784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5643083453178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31957729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282877","display_name":"Distancing","level":5,"score":0.5544438362121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.5503878593444824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.37588298320770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2121274769306183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.08353596925735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23111530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111530","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/11/1530/pdf?version=1637563419","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34828228","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34828228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c7d9d6c5d18342d4a976628d665d5034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c7d9d6c5d18342d4a976628d665d5034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 11, p 1530 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/11/1530/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23111530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 11; Pages: 1530","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8624125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8624125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23111530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111530","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/11/1530/pdf?version=1637563419","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1818137383","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/50025/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2606144695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/50025/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2987173697","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDP/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3093025417","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"305291/2018-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3144288961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDP/50025/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3272457656","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3304849250","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1/2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4073204865","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDP/50025/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4531677044","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6997877468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDP/5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7049410507","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Portuguese Foundation for Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7235204162","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IDB/50025/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8911869519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"50025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G943999617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211616641.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211616641.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999223777","https://openalex.org/W2026613779","https://openalex.org/W2148301044","https://openalex.org/W2895467231","https://openalex.org/W3010131837","https://openalex.org/W3012284084","https://openalex.org/W3012883349","https://openalex.org/W3013967887","https://openalex.org/W3021151406","https://openalex.org/W3021923959","https://openalex.org/W3023617279","https://openalex.org/W3036569141","https://openalex.org/W3037162821","https://openalex.org/W3039225830","https://openalex.org/W3044468596","https://openalex.org/W3084885616","https://openalex.org/W3090802930","https://openalex.org/W3116362583","https://openalex.org/W3121139527","https://openalex.org/W3126262477","https://openalex.org/W3127108458","https://openalex.org/W3132732596","https://openalex.org/W3138716508","https://openalex.org/W3150781448","https://openalex.org/W3154539318","https://openalex.org/W3165672337","https://openalex.org/W3165872846","https://openalex.org/W3171623750","https://openalex.org/W3174104536","https://openalex.org/W3174269802","https://openalex.org/W3175958360","https://openalex.org/W3197637780","https://openalex.org/W6682044371"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W3176864053","https://openalex.org/W4206669628","https://openalex.org/W3171943759","https://openalex.org/W4292098121","https://openalex.org/W3154141118","https://openalex.org/W4388896133","https://openalex.org/W3031607536","https://openalex.org/W4205317059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,43,75,95,115],"present":[1,134],"an":[2,118],"analysis":[3,67],"of":[4,50,58,73,103],"the":[5,20,27,33,40,46,51,84,89,101,107,123,127,133],"relationship":[6],"between":[7,83,122],"SARS-CoV-2":[8],"infection":[9,47,90,124],"rates":[10],"and":[11,22,30,39,88,126],"a":[12,61,70,77,111],"social":[13,85,128],"distancing":[14,86,129],"metric":[15,87,130],"from":[16],"data":[17],"for":[18],"all":[19,32],"states":[21],"most":[23],"populous":[24],"cities":[25],"in":[26,92,106,132],"United":[28,41,108],"States":[29],"Brazil,":[31],"22":[34],"European":[35],"Economic":[36],"Community":[37],"countries":[38],"Kingdom.":[42],"discuss":[44],"why":[45],"rate,":[48],"instead":[49],"effective":[52],"reproduction":[53],"number":[54],"or":[55],"growth":[56],"rate":[57,91,125],"cases,":[59],"is":[60],"proper":[62],"choice":[63],"to":[64],"perform":[65],"this":[66],"when":[68],"considering":[69],"wide":[71],"span":[72],"time.":[74],"obtain":[76,117],"strong":[78],"Spearman's":[79,104],"rank":[80],"order":[81],"correlation":[82,105],"each":[93],"locality.":[94],"show":[96],"that":[97],"mask":[98],"mandates":[99],"increase":[100],"values":[102],"States,":[109],"where":[110],"mandate":[112],"was":[113],"adopted.":[114],"also":[116],"explicit":[119],"numerical":[120],"relation":[121],"defined":[131],"work.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}