{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208610566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111443","title":"The Interstitial Pathways as the Substrate of Consciousness: A New Synthesis","display_name":"The Interstitial Pathways as the Substrate of Consciousness: A New Synthesis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208610566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111443","mag":"3208610566","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34828141"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23111443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111443","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/11/1443/pdf?version=1635840972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/11/1443/pdf?version=1635840972","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078257147","display_name":"Christopher W. Tyler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1512-4626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61628605","display_name":"Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05783y657","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61628605"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher W. Tyler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Optometry and Vision Sciences, School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK","Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Optometry and Vision Sciences, School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61628605"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078257147"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142","https://openalex.org/I61628605"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.476,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60609589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"11","first_page":"1443","last_page":"1443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12813","display_name":"Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consciousness","display_name":"Consciousness","score":0.9266632199287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-substrate","display_name":"Neural substrate","score":0.6961041688919067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcendental-number","display_name":"Transcendental number","score":0.6805299520492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.6353442072868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.4665294289588928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.45862242579460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-theories-of-consciousness","display_name":"Electromagnetic theories of consciousness","score":0.4263209104537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-correlates-of-consciousness","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","score":0.42605432868003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-consciousness","display_name":"Social consciousness","score":0.4134114682674408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.4063166379928589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.3444032073020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.11356884241104126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.9266632199287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7033854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17130699","display_name":"Neural substrate","level":3,"score":0.6961041688919067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188370112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173091","display_name":"Transcendental number","level":2,"score":0.6805299520492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.6353442072868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4665294289588928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.45862242579460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1305866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4530887","display_name":"Electromagnetic theories of consciousness","level":3,"score":0.4263209104537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129564537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460873","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","level":3,"score":0.42605432868003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62603613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2395725","display_name":"Social consciousness","level":2,"score":0.4134114682674408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.4063166379928589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3444032073020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.11356884241104126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23111443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111443","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/11/1443/pdf?version=1635840972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34828141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34828141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:97843ff39b5f464fb091a64be1d51206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/97843ff39b5f464fb091a64be1d51206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 11, p 1443 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/11/1443/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23111443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 11; Pages: 1443","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8623371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8623371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23111443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111443","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/11/1443/pdf?version=1635840972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208610566.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56473380","https://openalex.org/W1424375251","https://openalex.org/W1661843733","https://openalex.org/W1761383808","https://openalex.org/W1970637525","https://openalex.org/W1978983866","https://openalex.org/W1985282639","https://openalex.org/W1998722012","https://openalex.org/W2012777073","https://openalex.org/W2013140861","https://openalex.org/W2034450065","https://openalex.org/W2039698858","https://openalex.org/W2048823696","https://openalex.org/W2059362726","https://openalex.org/W2068869950","https://openalex.org/W2080879785","https://openalex.org/W2085229739","https://openalex.org/W2091118891","https://openalex.org/W2121148760","https://openalex.org/W2123737152","https://openalex.org/W2131692841","https://openalex.org/W2135390742","https://openalex.org/W2137494680","https://openalex.org/W2140088257","https://openalex.org/W2147595049","https://openalex.org/W2158935941","https://openalex.org/W2164470519","https://openalex.org/W2165001210","https://openalex.org/W2165159030","https://openalex.org/W2170232314","https://openalex.org/W2189549432","https://openalex.org/W2328993646","https://openalex.org/W2394834952","https://openalex.org/W2485538883","https://openalex.org/W2517916299","https://openalex.org/W2566993235","https://openalex.org/W2729842316","https://openalex.org/W2810581259","https://openalex.org/W2888459873","https://openalex.org/W2902882397","https://openalex.org/W2943093463","https://openalex.org/W2989880046","https://openalex.org/W3005621022","https://openalex.org/W3016950338","https://openalex.org/W3023671316","https://openalex.org/W3103859372","https://openalex.org/W4210955860","https://openalex.org/W4247578830","https://openalex.org/W6678707060","https://openalex.org/W6684301587","https://openalex.org/W6687748706"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2376160441","https://openalex.org/W2120501817","https://openalex.org/W64849341","https://openalex.org/W2996240002","https://openalex.org/W2510665443","https://openalex.org/W2810868166","https://openalex.org/W2953125740","https://openalex.org/W2107508491","https://openalex.org/W4206573798","https://openalex.org/W1970968254"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,142],"paper":[1],"considers":[2],"three":[3],"classes":[4],"of":[5,7,10,14,18,28,40,47,51,63,69,89,91,108,133,158],"analyses":[6],"the":[8,15,25,48,61,64,67,74,87,95,104,117,137,140,147,150,156],"nature":[9],"consciousness:":[11],"abstract":[12,45],"theories":[13,46],"functional":[16],"organization":[17,68],"consciousness,":[19,29],"and":[20,37,149],"concrete":[21],"proposals":[22,102],"as":[23,73,80],"to":[24,139,153],"neural":[26,106],"substrate":[27,107],"while":[30],"providing":[31],"a":[32,123,130],"rationale":[33],"for":[34,103,155],"contesting":[35],"non-neural":[36],"transcendental":[38],"conceptualizations":[39],"consciousness.":[41],"It":[42],"indicates":[43],"that":[44,100,116,126],"dynamic":[49,70],"core":[50],"consciousness":[52,93,109,127],"have":[53],"no":[54],"force":[55],"unless":[56],"they":[57],"are":[58,110],"grounded":[59],"in":[60,112],"physiology":[62],"brain,":[65],"since":[66,94],"systems,":[71],"such":[72,83],"Sun,":[75],"could":[76],"equally":[77],"well":[78],"qualify":[79],"conscious":[81,160],"under":[82],"theories.":[84],"In":[85],"reviewing":[86],"wealth":[88],"studies":[90],"human":[92],"mid-20th":[96],"century,":[97],"it":[98],"concludes":[99],"many":[101],"particular":[105],"insufficient":[111],"various":[113],"respects,":[114],"but":[115],"results":[118],"can":[119],"be":[120],"integrated":[121],"into":[122],"novel":[124],"scheme":[125],"extends":[128],"through":[129],"subcortical":[131],"network":[132],"interlaminar":[134],"structures":[135],"from":[136],"brainstem":[138],"claustrum.":[141],"interstitial":[143],"structure":[144],"has":[145],"both":[146],"specificity":[148],"extended":[151],"connectivity":[152],"account":[154],"array":[157],"reportable":[159],"experiences.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}