{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209658298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111384","title":"Equality and Freedom as Uncertainty in Groups","display_name":"Equality and Freedom as Uncertainty in Groups","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209658298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111384","mag":"3209658298","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34828082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23111384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111384","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/11/1384/pdf?version=1635908526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/11/1384/pdf?version=1635908526","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071941660","display_name":"Jesse Hoey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5340-2204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jesse Hoey","raw_affiliation_strings":["David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, Univeristy of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5340-2204","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, Univeristy of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071941660"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.8855,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92077706,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"11","first_page":"1384","last_page":"1384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12953","display_name":"Critical Realism in Sociology","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12953","display_name":"Critical Realism in Sociology","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degrees-of-freedom","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","score":0.6368733048439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4600387215614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.3575679659843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32675063610076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19441381096839905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.0842319130897522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C208081375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274502","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6368733048439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4600387215614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3575679659843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32675063610076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19441381096839905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0842319130897522}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23111384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111384","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/11/1384/pdf?version=1635908526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34828082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34828082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e41807a82454486bc5ec2a0328bcc81","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e41807a82454486bc5ec2a0328bcc81","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 11, p 1384 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/11/1384/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23111384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 11; Pages: 1384","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8618786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8618786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23111384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111384","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/11/1384/pdf?version=1635908526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209658298.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W594318014","https://openalex.org/W1982593017","https://openalex.org/W2011418219","https://openalex.org/W2041020251","https://openalex.org/W2061504687","https://openalex.org/W2096470434","https://openalex.org/W2140543255","https://openalex.org/W2148764920","https://openalex.org/W2158392329","https://openalex.org/W2161797449","https://openalex.org/W2295981949","https://openalex.org/W2334782222","https://openalex.org/W2464393218","https://openalex.org/W2558244686","https://openalex.org/W2611112066","https://openalex.org/W2914351253","https://openalex.org/W2963082927","https://openalex.org/W2996384932","https://openalex.org/W3020913839","https://openalex.org/W3021067255","https://openalex.org/W3022808291","https://openalex.org/W3034390091","https://openalex.org/W3132221239","https://openalex.org/W3169314859","https://openalex.org/W4210604939","https://openalex.org/W4235608110","https://openalex.org/W4237718205","https://openalex.org/W4246864588","https://openalex.org/W4248785488","https://openalex.org/W4255753594","https://openalex.org/W4313429049","https://openalex.org/W6674813618"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W2142036596","https://openalex.org/W2072657027"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,81],"this":[1,57,105],"paper,":[2],"I":[3,26,54,83,255,329],"investigate":[4],"a":[5,8,19,28,32,88,95,164,173,185,189,195,204,258,269,282,292,297,301,305,326,347],"connection":[6],"between":[7,349],"common":[9],"characterisation":[10],"of":[11,31,35,68,94,197,226,265,271,274,311,337],"freedom":[12,338,350,362],"and":[13,49,103,129,248,268,339,345,351],"how":[14,56,74],"uncertainty":[15],"is":[16,42,87,132,140,218],"managed":[17],"in":[18,38,91,98,206,291,304,341],"Bayesian":[20,263],"hierarchical":[21],"model.":[22,53,283],"To":[23,192],"do":[24,128],"this,":[25],"consider":[27,257],"distributed":[29],"factorization":[30],"group's":[33],"optimization":[34],"free":[36,111,293,323],"energy,":[37],"which":[39],"each":[40,99,178,209,314],"agent":[41,121,149,211,315],"attempting":[43],"to":[44,60,109,156,187,202,213,223,244,250,279,300,321,334],"align":[45],"with":[46,50,357,367],"the":[47,66,69,92,114,117,125,130,136,154,169,221,309],"group":[48,126,131,186,196,222,298],"its":[51],"own":[52],"show":[55,84],"can":[58,79,122,365],"lead":[59],"equilibria":[61],"for":[62,113,147,153,168,177,184,194,296],"groups,":[63],"defined":[64],"by":[65,135],"capacity":[67,93,145,166,175,225,275],"model":[70,97,146,167,176,245,264,352],"being":[71],"used,":[72],"essentially":[73],"many":[75],"different":[76],"datasets":[77],"it":[78,151,182],"handle.":[80],"particular,":[82],"that":[85,104,276,313],"there":[86,139,159,217],"\"sweet":[89,106,302],"spot\"":[90,107],"normal":[96],"agent's":[100,235],"decentralized":[101],"optimization,":[102],"corresponds":[108],"minimal":[110],"energy":[112,294,324],"group.":[115,327],"At":[116],"sweet":[118],"spot,":[119],"an":[120,141,148],"predict":[123],"what":[124],"will":[127],"not":[133],"surprised":[134],"agent.":[137],"However,":[138],"asymmetry.":[142],"A":[143],"higher":[144,165,174,358],"makes":[150,181],"harder":[152],"individual":[155,210,234],"learn,":[157],"as":[158,172,208,233,288,325,363],"are":[160,237,241,277],"more":[161,361,368],"parameters.":[162],"Simultaneously,":[163],"group,":[170],"implemented":[171],"member":[179],"agent,":[180],"easier":[183],"integrate":[188],"new":[190],"member.":[191],"optimize":[193],"agents":[198],"then":[199,256],"requires":[200],"one":[201],"make":[203],"trade-off":[205],"capacity,":[207,215,359],"seeks":[212],"decrease":[214],"but":[216],"pressure":[219,230],"from":[220],"increase":[224],"all":[227],"members.":[228],"This":[229],"exists":[231],"because":[232],"capacities":[236,287],"reduced,":[238],"so":[239],"too":[240],"their":[242],"abilities":[243],"other":[246],"agents,":[247],"thereby":[249],"establish":[251],"pro-social":[252],"behavioural":[253],"patterns.":[254],"basic":[259],"two-level":[260],"(dual":[261],"process)":[262],"social":[266,343],"reasoning":[267],"set":[270],"three":[272,286,332,335],"parameters":[273,312,333],"required":[278],"implement":[280],"such":[281],"Considering":[284],"these":[285,331],"dependent":[289],"elements":[290],"minimization":[295],"leads":[299],"surface\"":[303],"three-dimensional":[306],"space":[307],"defining":[308],"triplet":[310],"must":[316],"use":[317],"should":[318],"they":[319,364],"hope":[320],"minimize":[322],"Finally,":[328],"relate":[330],"notions":[336],"equality":[340],"human":[342],"organization,":[344],"postulate":[346],"correspondence":[348],"capacity.":[353],"That":[354],"is,":[355],"models":[356],"have":[360],"interact":[366],"datasets.":[369]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
