{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199178291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23091200","title":"A Particle Swarm Algorithm Based on a Multi-Stage Search Strategy","display_name":"A Particle Swarm Algorithm Based on a Multi-Stage Search Strategy","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199178291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23091200","mag":"3199178291","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34573825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23091200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23091200","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/9/1200/pdf?version=1632357788","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/9/1200/pdf?version=1632357788","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046524792","display_name":"Yong Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2430-8486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063268984","display_name":"Wangzhen Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wangzhen Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055244952","display_name":"Hongwei Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5466-7092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongwei Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054298041","display_name":"Xingping Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1254-7965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingping Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089242361","display_name":"Qingyi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8472-4636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058920547","display_name":"Haigang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8461-766X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haigang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055244952"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.3998,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85040235,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"9","first_page":"1200","last_page":"1200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.8034908175468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6724476218223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.615218997001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5280131697654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48880812525749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-optimum","display_name":"Local optimum","score":0.47820425033569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Multi-swarm optimization","score":0.4641351103782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4584064781665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4267085790634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.38259416818618774}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.8034908175468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6724476218223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.615218997001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5280131697654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48880812525749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141934464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3305386","display_name":"Local optimum","level":2,"score":0.47820425033569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122357587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934508","display_name":"Multi-swarm optimization","level":3,"score":0.4641351103782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4584064781665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4267085790634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.38259416818618774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23091200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23091200","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/9/1200/pdf?version=1632357788","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34573825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34573825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:24aca738edaa479c9b03db66fb86e4f7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/24aca738edaa479c9b03db66fb86e4f7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 9, p 1200 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7363848","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8472527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/9/1200/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23091200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 9; Pages: 1200","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8472527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8472527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23091200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23091200","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/9/1200/pdf?version=1632357788","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1454205094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61663046, 61876166","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1992308704","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1876166","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3232340730","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876166","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6135574011","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61663046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3199178291.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3199178291.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1796315384","https://openalex.org/W1998391576","https://openalex.org/W2108388069","https://openalex.org/W2118840131","https://openalex.org/W2123066915","https://openalex.org/W2128375118","https://openalex.org/W2139339670","https://openalex.org/W2149554935","https://openalex.org/W2162012556","https://openalex.org/W2165299997","https://openalex.org/W2187537484","https://openalex.org/W2290671409","https://openalex.org/W2602420801","https://openalex.org/W2740406123","https://openalex.org/W2745690522","https://openalex.org/W2749995488","https://openalex.org/W2755736673","https://openalex.org/W2763907376","https://openalex.org/W2793314490","https://openalex.org/W2796372273","https://openalex.org/W2887386074","https://openalex.org/W2905103003","https://openalex.org/W2908286818","https://openalex.org/W2908989135","https://openalex.org/W2977176333","https://openalex.org/W3005728138","https://openalex.org/W6680222947","https://openalex.org/W6684237752","https://openalex.org/W6741551543"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006324351","https://openalex.org/W2965421953","https://openalex.org/W2349895019","https://openalex.org/W2950423922","https://openalex.org/W2116074880","https://openalex.org/W2121780490","https://openalex.org/W2070977815","https://openalex.org/W2137136732","https://openalex.org/W2132113279","https://openalex.org/W2113224065"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Particle":[0],"swarm":[1],"optimization":[2],"(PSO)":[3],"has":[4],"the":[5,27,36,48,54,84,87,90,95,102,105,108,112,126,132],"disadvantages":[6],"of":[7,20,33,56,86,92,104,110],"easily":[8],"getting":[9],"trapped":[10],"in":[11,59],"local":[12],"optima":[13],"and":[14,31,40,76,135],"a":[15,64,115],"low":[16],"search":[17,29,66,118],"accuracy.":[18],"Scores":[19],"approaches":[21],"have":[22,46],"been":[23],"used":[24],"to":[25,82,99],"improve":[26],"diversity,":[28],"accuracy,":[30],"results":[32,124],"PSO,":[34],"but":[35],"balance":[37],"between":[38],"exploration":[39],"exploitation":[41],"remains":[42],"sub-optimal.":[43],"Many":[44],"scholars":[45],"divided":[47],"population":[49,106],"into":[50],"multiple":[51],"sub-populations":[52],"with":[53],"aim":[55],"managing":[57],"it":[58],"space.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62],"paper,":[63],"multi-stage":[65],"strategy":[67],"that":[68],"is":[69],"dominated":[70],"by":[71,78,130],"mutual":[72],"repulsion":[73],"among":[74],"particles":[75],"supplemented":[77],"attraction":[79],"was":[80,97],"proposed":[81],"control":[83],"traits":[85],"population.":[88],"From":[89],"angle":[91],"iteration":[93],"time,":[94],"algorithm":[96],"able":[98],"adequately":[100],"enhance":[101],"entropy":[103],"under":[107],"premise":[109],"satisfying":[111],"convergence,":[113],"creating":[114],"more":[116],"balanced":[117],"process.":[119],"The":[120],"study":[121],"acquired":[122],"satisfactory":[123],"from":[125],"CEC2017":[127],"test":[128],"function":[129],"improving":[131],"standard":[133],"PSO":[134],"improved":[136],"PSO.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
