{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3124931258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23091103","title":"Sending or Not-Sending Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution with Flawed and Leaky Sources","display_name":"Sending or Not-Sending Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution with Flawed and Leaky Sources","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3124931258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23091103","mag":"3124931258","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34573728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23091103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23091103","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/9/1103/pdf?version=1630481939","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/9/1103/pdf?version=1630481939","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yi-Fei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8212-0556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Fei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8212-0556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9774-1064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140493","display_name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttadj76","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I2802624667","https://openalex.org/I4210140493","https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9774-1064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140493","https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mu-Sheng Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mu-Sheng Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiao-Xu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-5938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Xu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-5938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fan Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hong-Wei Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong-Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chun Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shi-Biao Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138067","display_name":"QuantumCTek (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03p5fy985","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi-Biao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["QuantumCTek Co., Ltd., Hefei 230088, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"QuantumCTek Co., Ltd., Hefei 230088, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jia-Yong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia-Yong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Quantum Network Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Quantum Network Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wan-Su Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124140","display_name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion","ror":"https://ror.org/02w5xy446","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I4210124140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan-Su Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, SSF IEU, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I4210124140","https://openalex.org/I4210132990"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.1199,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.816172,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"9","first_page":"1103","last_page":"1103"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9185000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9185000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.02449999935925007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.010300000198185444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.8125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5796999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.3813999891281128}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.8125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6852999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5796999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.36410000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C343090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165504","display_name":"Continuous phase modulation","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111996192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269075","display_name":"Quantum noise","level":3,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152026323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032070","display_name":"Coherent states","level":3,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23091103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23091103","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/9/1103/pdf?version=1630481939","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34573728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34573728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.11283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.11283","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.11283","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3ce0bde6110c4621a761328117cf92f3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3ce0bde6110c4621a761328117cf92f3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 9, p 1103 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7362952","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8471594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/9/1103/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23091103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 9; Pages: 1103","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8471594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8471594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23091103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23091103","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/9/1103/pdf?version=1630481939","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2408410158","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61605248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2653529649","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202300410534 and 202300410532","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G303869004","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61505261","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4050432579","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101597, 61605248, 61675235 and 61505261","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4598285196","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101597","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4822023108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFA0309702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5875162702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61605248, 61675235 and 61505261","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6626374148","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021M691536","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7277881954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61675235","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124931258.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124931258.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1104989598","https://openalex.org/W1623796911","https://openalex.org/W1716995571","https://openalex.org/W1817389122","https://openalex.org/W1999305793","https://openalex.org/W1999678910","https://openalex.org/W2003570674","https://openalex.org/W2014913039","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W2047463679","https://openalex.org/W2055617162","https://openalex.org/W2087526127","https://openalex.org/W2140192101","https://openalex.org/W2149344243","https://openalex.org/W2170240091","https://openalex.org/W2265189113","https://openalex.org/W2273682834","https://openalex.org/W2472597165","https://openalex.org/W2788398079","https://openalex.org/W2795101245","https://openalex.org/W2799278992","https://openalex.org/W2803691034","https://openalex.org/W2806670519","https://openalex.org/W2849152050","https://openalex.org/W2883320370","https://openalex.org/W2884610938","https://openalex.org/W2885667534","https://openalex.org/W2898955392","https://openalex.org/W2912318904","https://openalex.org/W2919518819","https://openalex.org/W2928179339","https://openalex.org/W2931692471","https://openalex.org/W2945191372","https://openalex.org/W2948602808","https://openalex.org/W2963965719","https://openalex.org/W2966623503","https://openalex.org/W2968264617","https://openalex.org/W2969560265","https://openalex.org/W2971481973","https://openalex.org/W2981311533","https://openalex.org/W2999590628","https://openalex.org/W3004357554","https://openalex.org/W3040203570","https://openalex.org/W3119595883","https://openalex.org/W3122187104","https://openalex.org/W3145771445","https://openalex.org/W6634955544","https://openalex.org/W6785880451","https://openalex.org/W6786303992"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Twin-field":[0],"quantum":[1],"key":[2],"distribution":[3],"(TF-QKD)":[4],"has":[5],"attracted":[6],"considerable":[7],"attention":[8],"and":[9,49,69,99,153],"developed":[10],"rapidly":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,16,39,65,119],"its":[14,30],"ability":[15],"surpass":[17],"the":[18,25,44,53,58,67,74,80,83,91,94,103,109,114,120,129,133,148,168,172],"fundamental":[19],"rate-distance":[20],"limit":[21],"of":[22,35,82,93,105,128,147,171],"QKD.":[23],"However,":[24],"device":[26],"imperfections":[27],"may":[28],"compromise":[29],"practical":[31,145,169],"implementations.":[32],"The":[33,144],"goal":[34],"this":[36],"paper":[37],"is":[38],"make":[40],"it":[41,101],"robust":[42],"against":[43],"state":[45],"preparation":[46],"flaws":[47,81],"(SPFs)":[48],"side":[50,110],"channels":[51],"at":[52],"light":[54],"source.":[55],"We":[56,77],"adopt":[57],"sending":[59],"or":[60],"not-sending":[61],"(SNS)":[62],"TF-QKD":[63],"protocol":[64,150],"accommodate":[66],"SPFs":[68],"multiple":[70],"optical":[71],"modes":[72],"in":[73],"emitted":[75],"states.":[76],"analyze":[78],"that":[79],"phase":[84,95,97,134],"modulation":[85],"can":[86,137,156],"be":[87,138,157],"overcome":[88,108],"by":[89,126],"regarding":[90],"deviation":[92],"as":[96],"noise":[98],"eliminating":[100],"with":[102,140,151],"post-selection":[104],"phase.":[106],"To":[107],"channels,":[111],"we":[112],"extend":[113],"generalized":[115],"loss-tolerant":[116],"(GLT)":[117],"method":[118],"four-intensity":[121],"decoy-state":[122],"SNS":[123,149,173],"protocol.":[124,174],"Remarkably,":[125],"decomposing":[127],"two-mode":[130],"single-photon":[131],"states,":[132],"error":[135],"rate":[136],"estimated":[139],"only":[141],"four":[142],"parameters.":[143],"security":[146],"flawed":[152],"leaky":[154],"source":[155],"guaranteed.":[158],"Our":[159],"results":[160],"might":[161],"constitute":[162],"a":[163],"crucial":[164],"step":[165],"towards":[166],"guaranteeing":[167],"implementation":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}
