{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3121821711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23081074","title":"Low-Resolution ADCs for Two-Hop Massive MIMO Relay System under Rician Channels","display_name":"Low-Resolution ADCs for Two-Hop Massive MIMO Relay System under Rician Channels","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3121821711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23081074","mag":"3121821711","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34441213"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23081074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23081074","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/8/1074/pdf?version=1629689636","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/8/1074/pdf?version=1629689636","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101727746","display_name":"Shujuan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-7066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shujuan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-7066","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039449465","display_name":"Xinyi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-9104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Data Science, The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-9104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data Science, The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045441714","display_name":"Jian Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9105-9400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100734212","display_name":"Yun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6757-6838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039449465"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.3038,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56129485,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"1074","last_page":"1074"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.852617621421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hop","display_name":"Hop (telecommunications)","score":0.5994773507118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5866967439651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5446978211402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rician-fading","display_name":"Rician fading","score":0.5261114239692688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.4146168828010559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3792187571525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.37627479434013367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.31547975540161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2938869595527649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2525476813316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20382094383239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.1460655927658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09341192245483398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.08850100636482239}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.852617621421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25906391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432381","display_name":"Hop (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5994773507118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5866967439651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5446978211402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60472773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7331156","display_name":"Rician fading","level":4,"score":0.5261114239692688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.4146168828010559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3792187571525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.37627479434013367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.31547975540161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2938869595527649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2525476813316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20382094383239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.1460655927658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09341192245483398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.08850100636482239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23081074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23081074","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/8/1074/pdf?version=1629689636","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34441213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34441213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:35b8968950ef43bc97d77550bc2dea80","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/35b8968950ef43bc97d77550bc2dea80","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 8, p 1074 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/8/1074/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23081074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 8; Pages: 1074","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8393194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8393194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23081074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23081074","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/8/1074/pdf?version=1629689636","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3755816635","display_name":"\u591a\u5411\u5927\u89c4\u6a21MIMO\u4e2d\u7ee7\u7cfb\u7edf\u9891\u8c31\u6548\u7387\u7684\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61771257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3121821711.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999833500","https://openalex.org/W2102258468","https://openalex.org/W2109439315","https://openalex.org/W2126235070","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2189415357","https://openalex.org/W2262641688","https://openalex.org/W2345417877","https://openalex.org/W2554943486","https://openalex.org/W2557898533","https://openalex.org/W2597206177","https://openalex.org/W2616323954","https://openalex.org/W2735748257","https://openalex.org/W2783722932","https://openalex.org/W2792717300","https://openalex.org/W2805826205","https://openalex.org/W2916697929","https://openalex.org/W2944780132","https://openalex.org/W2962798347","https://openalex.org/W2969677266"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2146680430","https://openalex.org/W2100999214","https://openalex.org/W1973317750","https://openalex.org/W1641214707","https://openalex.org/W2166688772","https://openalex.org/W2170880428","https://openalex.org/W2590769158","https://openalex.org/W2096957949","https://openalex.org/W2996704580","https://openalex.org/W2519669146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"works":[2],"on":[3],"building":[4],"an":[5],"effective":[6],"massive":[7,27],"multi-input":[8],"multi-output":[9],"(MIMO)":[10],"relay":[11,29,85,88,141,146],"system":[12,30,35,142,160,178],"by":[13],"increasing":[14],"the":[15,38,81,98,102,109,115,125,136,139,144,158,168,172,176,182,187,194,205],"achievable":[16,103,164,195,213],"sum":[17,104,165,196,214],"rate":[18,166,197],"and":[19,40,71,75,87,113,134,152,208],"energy":[20,173,206],"efficiency.":[21],"First,":[22],"we":[23,49,59,92,107,123,155],"design":[24],"a":[25,33,42,162,210],"two-hop":[26,140,159,177,188],"MIMO":[28],"instead":[31],"of":[32,101,127,138],"one-hop":[34,145,169,183],"to":[36,68,80,96],"shorten":[37],"distance":[39],"create":[41],"Line-of-Sight":[43],"(LOS)":[44],"path":[45],"between":[46,53],"relays.":[47],"Second,":[48],"apply":[50,60,72],"Rician":[51],"channels":[52],"relays":[54,67],"in":[55,175,186],"this":[56],"system.":[57,147,170,184],"Third,":[58],"low-resolution":[61,201],"Analog-to-Digital":[62],"Converters":[63],"(ADCs)":[64],"at":[65,84],"both":[66,149],"quantize":[69],"signals,":[70],"Amplify-and-Forward":[73],"(AF)":[74],"Maximum":[76],"Ratio":[77],"Combining":[78],"(MRC)":[79],"processed":[82],"signal":[83],"R1":[86],"R2":[89],"correspondingly.":[90],"Fourth,":[91],"use":[93],"higher-order":[94],"statistics":[95],"derive":[97,108],"closed-form":[99,150],"expression":[100],"rate.":[105,215],"Fifth,":[106],"power":[110,120],"scaling":[111],"law":[112],"achieve":[114,209],"asymptotic":[116],"expressions":[117,151],"under":[118],"different":[119],"scales.":[121],"Last,":[122],"validate":[124],"correctness":[126],"theoretical":[128],"analysis":[129],"with":[130],"numerical":[131],"simulation":[132,153],"results":[133],"show":[135],"superiority":[137],"over":[143],"From":[148],"results,":[154],"discover":[156],"that":[157],"has":[161],"higher":[163,180],"than":[167,181],"Besides,":[171],"efficiency":[174,207],"is":[179],"Moreover,":[185],"system,":[189],"when":[190],"quantization":[191],"bits":[192],"q = 4,":[193],"converges.":[198],"Therefore,":[199],"deploying":[200],"ADCs":[202],"can":[203],"improve":[204],"fairly":[211],"considerable":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}