{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3187792101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23081036","title":"Effects of Muscle Fatigue and Recovery on Complexity of Surface Electromyography of Biceps Brachii","display_name":"Effects of Muscle Fatigue and Recovery on Complexity of Surface Electromyography of Biceps Brachii","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3187792101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23081036","mag":"3187792101","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34441176"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23081036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23081036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/8/1036/pdf?version=1628749994","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/8/1036/pdf?version=1628749994","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012392464","display_name":"Fuyuan Liao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110558","display_name":"Xi'an Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/01t8prc81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuyuan Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Technological University, Xi\u2019an 710021, China","Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Technological University, Xi\u2019an 710021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115592226","display_name":"Xueyan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3450-520X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueyan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070057867","display_name":"Chunmei Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3762-7651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunmei Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3762-7651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000432258","display_name":"Isabella Yu\u2010Ju Hung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4568-9983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120211734","display_name":"Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031m0eg77","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120211734"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabella Yu-Ju Hung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717302, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717302, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120211734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008102398","display_name":"Yanni Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5673-006X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142339","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Children\u2019s Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04595zj73","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142339"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanni Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Children\u2019s Hospital and The Affiliated Children\u2019s Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710021, China","Xi'an Children's Hospital and The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Children\u2019s Hospital and The Affiliated Children\u2019s Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142339"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Children's Hospital and The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142339","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080909004","display_name":"Yih\u2010Kuen Jan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7149-4034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yih-Kuen Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7149-4034","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080909004"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.1882,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76253609,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"1036","last_page":"1036"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biceps","display_name":"Biceps","score":0.9346652030944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromyography","display_name":"Electromyography","score":0.7780618071556091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.6424267292022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-fatigue","display_name":"Muscle fatigue","score":0.5572924613952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-entropy","display_name":"Sample entropy","score":0.5474817752838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.47658583521842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biceps-brachii-muscle","display_name":"Biceps brachii muscle","score":0.42634284496307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.3955153524875641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19916784763336182}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781425419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201363","display_name":"Biceps","level":2,"score":0.9346652030944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.7780618071556091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6424267292022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776874296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6940317","display_name":"Muscle fatigue","level":3,"score":0.5572924613952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66696666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105612","display_name":"Sample entropy","level":3,"score":0.5474817752838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.47658583521842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909441243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201363","display_name":"Biceps brachii muscle","level":3,"score":0.42634284496307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3955153524875641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19916784763336182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23081036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23081036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/8/1036/pdf?version=1628749994","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34441176","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34441176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:46cb0ed7bdec4487868c62000ea2c13a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/46cb0ed7bdec4487868c62000ea2c13a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 8, p 1036 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/8/1036/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23081036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 8; Pages: 1036","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8391607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8391607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23081036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23081036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/8/1036/pdf?version=1628749994","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1265057653","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JM-441","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3187792101.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3187792101.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1862394037","https://openalex.org/W1963503887","https://openalex.org/W1970232197","https://openalex.org/W1978264801","https://openalex.org/W1983131173","https://openalex.org/W1995192822","https://openalex.org/W2000353759","https://openalex.org/W2000439420","https://openalex.org/W2012822001","https://openalex.org/W2020629183","https://openalex.org/W2044628302","https://openalex.org/W2059403486","https://openalex.org/W2066147696","https://openalex.org/W2071920517","https://openalex.org/W2113816114","https://openalex.org/W2118395035","https://openalex.org/W2146918579","https://openalex.org/W2164689416","https://openalex.org/W2165453261","https://openalex.org/W2260062985","https://openalex.org/W2293641314","https://openalex.org/W2330058122","https://openalex.org/W2347535004","https://openalex.org/W2411299088","https://openalex.org/W2530458982","https://openalex.org/W2556532143","https://openalex.org/W2755581393","https://openalex.org/W2770984960","https://openalex.org/W2781074146","https://openalex.org/W2794118472","https://openalex.org/W2800073039","https://openalex.org/W2910788354","https://openalex.org/W2931969614","https://openalex.org/W2935559931","https://openalex.org/W2942878578","https://openalex.org/W3023805925","https://openalex.org/W3093287797","https://openalex.org/W3093903350","https://openalex.org/W3099254594","https://openalex.org/W3104945604","https://openalex.org/W3111144358","https://openalex.org/W3119938998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970554925","https://openalex.org/W3126333532","https://openalex.org/W2412711876","https://openalex.org/W2121109440","https://openalex.org/W2982633272","https://openalex.org/W24542860","https://openalex.org/W2318171354","https://openalex.org/W293276664","https://openalex.org/W2540945857","https://openalex.org/W1494721245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,36],"aimed":[2],"to":[3,53,93,97,104,164,185,197,230,270,274,284],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,27,34,60,105,117,121,154,162,183,198,231,244,261,285],"degree":[6,113,245],"of":[7,9,29,59,114,116,129,153,200,233,246,248,256,263],"regularity":[8,115,247],"surface":[10],"electromyography":[11],"(sEMG)":[12],"signals":[13,250],"during":[14,17,120],"muscle":[15,21,39,42,258,275],"fatigue":[16,40,259,276],"dynamic":[18],"contractions":[19],"and":[20,41,68,102,124,260,277],"recovery":[22,43],"after":[23,71,80,149,173,203,212,237],"cupping":[24,72,174,213,264],"therapy.":[25,265],"To":[26],"best":[28],"our":[30],"knowledge,":[31],"this":[32,267],"is":[33,254],"first":[35,163,184],"assessing":[37,257],"both":[38],"using":[44,134],"a":[45,98,135,158,179,219],"nonlinear":[46],"method.":[47],"Twelve":[48],"healthy":[49],"participants":[50],"were":[51],"recruited":[52],"perform":[54],"biceps":[55,107,130],"curls":[56,131],"at":[57],"75%":[58],"10":[61,126,166,187],"repetitions":[62,127],"maximum":[63],"under":[64],"four":[65],"conditions:":[66],"immediately":[67,145,172,202],"24":[69,147,210,235],"h":[70,148,211,236],"therapy":[73,87],"(\u2212300":[74],"mmHg":[75],"pressure),":[76],"as":[77,79],"well":[78],"sham":[81,89,150,204,238],"control":[82,90],"(no":[83],"negative":[84],"pressure).":[85],"Cupping":[86],"or":[88,146],"was":[91,132,143,170,193,208,226],"assigned":[92],"each":[94],"participant":[95],"according":[96],"pre-determined":[99],"counter-balanced":[100],"order":[101],"applied":[103],"participant\u2019s":[106],"brachii":[108],"for":[109],"5":[110],"min.":[111],"The":[112],"sEMG":[118,155,249],"signal":[119,156],"first,":[122],"second,":[123],"last":[125],"(Reps)":[128],"quantified":[133,251],"modified":[136],"sample":[137],"entropy":[138],"(Ems)":[139],"algorithm.":[140],"When":[141,206],"exercise":[142,169,201,207,234],"performed":[144,171,209],"control,":[151],"Ems":[152,176,215,253],"showed":[157,178],"significant":[159,180,220],"decrease":[160,181],"from":[161,182],"second":[165,186],"Reps;":[167],"when":[168],"therapy,":[175,214],"also":[177],"Reps":[188],"but":[189],"its":[190,223],"relative":[191,224],"change":[192,225],"significantly":[194,227],"smaller":[195,228],"compared":[196,229,283],"condition":[199,232],"control.":[205,239],"did":[216],"not":[217],"show":[218],"decrease,":[221],"while":[222],"These":[240],"results":[241,282],"indicated":[242],"that":[243],"by":[252],"capable":[255],"effect":[262],"Moreover,":[266],"measure":[268],"seems":[269],"be":[271],"more":[272,280],"sensitive":[273],"could":[278],"yield":[279],"consistent":[281],"traditional":[286],"linear":[287],"measures.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}