{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3177817521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23070896","title":"Information Theory Based Evaluation of the RC4 Stream Cipher Outputs","display_name":"Information Theory Based Evaluation of the RC4 Stream Cipher Outputs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3177817521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23070896","mag":"3177817521","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34356437"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23070896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23070896","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/7/896/pdf?version=1626268712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/7/896/pdf?version=1626268712","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081624500","display_name":"Evaristo Jos\u00e9 Madarro-Cap\u00f3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5004-2960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2656126","display_name":"University of Havana","ror":"https://ror.org/04204gr61","country_code":"CU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2656126"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evaristo Jos\u00e9 Madarro-Cap\u00f3","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Matem\u00e1tica y Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto de Criptograf\u00eda, Universidad de la Habana, Habana 10400, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5004-2960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Matem\u00e1tica y Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto de Criptograf\u00eda, Universidad de la Habana, Habana 10400, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2656126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054641143","display_name":"Carlos Miguel Leg\u00f3n-P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6104-9671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2656126","display_name":"University of Havana","ror":"https://ror.org/04204gr61","country_code":"CU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2656126"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Miguel Leg\u00f3n-P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Matem\u00e1tica y Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto de Criptograf\u00eda, Universidad de la Habana, Habana 10400, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6104-9671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Matem\u00e1tica y Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto de Criptograf\u00eda, Universidad de la Habana, Habana 10400, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2656126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082236115","display_name":"Omar Rojas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-3833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86613570","display_name":"Universidad Panamericana","ror":"https://ror.org/01n1q0h77","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86613570"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Omar Rojas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas y Empresariales, Universidad Panamericana, \u00c1lvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-3833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas y Empresariales, Universidad Panamericana, \u00c1lvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86613570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006503010","display_name":"Guillermo Sosa-G\u00f3mez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7793-896X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86613570","display_name":"Universidad Panamericana","ror":"https://ror.org/01n1q0h77","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86613570"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guillermo Sosa-G\u00f3mez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas y Empresariales, Universidad Panamericana, \u00c1lvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7793-896X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas y Empresariales, Universidad Panamericana, \u00c1lvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86613570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082236115"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86613570"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.9794,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8059162,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"7","first_page":"896","last_page":"896"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stream-cipher","display_name":"Stream cipher","score":0.7588599920272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rc4","display_name":"RC4","score":0.7322973012924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistic","display_name":"Statistic","score":0.5951433181762695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-and-identically-distributed-random-variables","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","score":0.5866377949714661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5418987274169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.4920727610588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.47366365790367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.4457884728908539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.44343331456184387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4136834740638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4030011296272278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.339175820350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3181762099266052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.22798961400985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.17637422680854797}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92950451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864718","display_name":"Stream cipher","level":3,"score":0.7588599920272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109154458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846955","display_name":"RC4","level":4,"score":0.7322973012924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89128539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963","display_name":"Statistic","level":2,"score":0.5951433181762695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.5866377949714661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5418987274169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4920727610588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.47366365790367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.4457884728908539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.44343331456184387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4136834740638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4030011296272278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.339175820350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3181762099266052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.22798961400985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.17637422680854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23070896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23070896","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/7/896/pdf?version=1626268712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34356437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34356437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:061f885ad1d642009cd279e905b97366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/061f885ad1d642009cd279e905b97366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 7, p 896 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/7/896/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23070896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 7; Pages: 896","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8306200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8306200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23070896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23070896","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/7/896/pdf?version=1626268712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3177817521.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199587880","https://openalex.org/W202742358","https://openalex.org/W584171051","https://openalex.org/W1586548249","https://openalex.org/W1603067314","https://openalex.org/W1605172243","https://openalex.org/W1985747475","https://openalex.org/W2079473986","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2114197583","https://openalex.org/W2123460950","https://openalex.org/W2402349135","https://openalex.org/W2508076228","https://openalex.org/W2551508839","https://openalex.org/W2564701660","https://openalex.org/W2567092197","https://openalex.org/W2896017171","https://openalex.org/W2898076464","https://openalex.org/W2898251712","https://openalex.org/W2899427090","https://openalex.org/W2964121406","https://openalex.org/W2996775238","https://openalex.org/W3029992515","https://openalex.org/W3034418114","https://openalex.org/W3125084470","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6729356770","https://openalex.org/W6740917271","https://openalex.org/W6755296286","https://openalex.org/W6755731556","https://openalex.org/W6778521099"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2617856299","https://openalex.org/W26169442","https://openalex.org/W2183399669","https://openalex.org/W2184880873","https://openalex.org/W2089478084","https://openalex.org/W2953372076","https://openalex.org/W1724491999","https://openalex.org/W778070508","https://openalex.org/W2899285859","https://openalex.org/W2038102758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,113],"criterion,":[4],"based":[5],"on":[6,25],"information":[7,15],"theory,":[8],"to":[9,46,109],"measure":[10],"the":[11,18,23,26,34,37,42,47,52,68,72,79,83,87,94,100,122],"amount":[12],"of":[13,20,22,36,41,51,54,71,78,82,86],"average":[14],"provided":[16],"by":[17],"sequences":[19,53],"outputs":[21],"RC4":[24,103,118],"internal":[27,84],"state.":[28],"The":[29],"test":[30,95],"statistic":[31,96],"used":[32,111],"is":[33,76,90,107],"sum":[35],"maximum":[38],"plausible":[39],"estimates":[40],"entropies":[43],"H(jt|zt),":[44],"corresponding":[45],"probability":[48],"distributions":[49],"P(jt|zt)":[50],"random":[55],"variables":[56],"(jt)t\u2208T":[57],"and":[58,105],"(zt)t\u2208T,":[59],"independent,":[60],"but":[61],"not":[62],"identically":[63],"distributed,":[64],"where":[65],"zt":[66],"are":[67],"known":[69],"values":[70],"outputs,":[73,104],"while":[74],"jt":[75],"one":[77],"unknown":[80],"elements":[81],"state":[85],"RC4.":[88],"It":[89],"experimentally":[91],"demonstrated":[92],"that":[93],"allows":[97],"for":[98,116],"determining":[99],"most":[101],"vulnerable":[102],"it":[106],"proposed":[108],"be":[110],"as":[112],"vulnerability":[114],"metric":[115],"each":[117],"output":[119],"sequence":[120],"concerning":[121],"iterative":[123],"probabilistic":[124],"attack.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
