{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3162153451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23050574","title":"An Indoor Localization System Using Residual Learning with Channel State Information","display_name":"An Indoor Localization System Using Residual Learning with Channel State Information","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3162153451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23050574","mag":"3162153451","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34067056"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23050574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23050574","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/5/574/pdf?version=1620466580","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/5/574/pdf?version=1620466580","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081559825","display_name":"Chendong Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chendong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100658862","display_name":"Weigang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5524-2849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weigang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766294","display_name":"Yunwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1412-3282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061215231","display_name":"Jie Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-534X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101727746","display_name":"Shujuan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-7066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shujuan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356768","display_name":"Yun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6367-9469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100658862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.7111,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69269134,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"574","last_page":"574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.8632171154022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7792266607284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6880375146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.6446695327758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.602100670337677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5195168256759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.49534526467323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-neural-network","display_name":"Residual neural network","score":0.4902785122394562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-gradient-descent","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","score":0.46689021587371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4076566994190216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35852718353271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3433561623096466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2788119912147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12557780742645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.11531621217727661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.8632171154022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7792266607284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6880375146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.6446695327758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.602100670337677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5195168256759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.49534526467323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2944601119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43744058","display_name":"Residual neural network","level":3,"score":0.4902785122394562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206688291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617819","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.46689021587371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4076566994190216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35852718353271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3433561623096466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2788119912147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12557780742645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.11531621217727661}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23050574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23050574","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/5/574/pdf?version=1620466580","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34067056","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34067056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:96e84726ac5d4bffbd2237125ba999de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/96e84726ac5d4bffbd2237125ba999de","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 574 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/5/574/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23050574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 5; Pages: 574","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8151952","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8151952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23050574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23050574","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/5/574/pdf?version=1620466580","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2015848071","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 61871232 and No.61771257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3162153451.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3162153451.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1980287119","https://openalex.org/W2051376734","https://openalex.org/W2063138782","https://openalex.org/W2064081294","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2105328082","https://openalex.org/W2112275383","https://openalex.org/W2125797950","https://openalex.org/W2132083787","https://openalex.org/W2156163116","https://openalex.org/W2168821867","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2240192984","https://openalex.org/W2286929393","https://openalex.org/W2309512289","https://openalex.org/W2541674938","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2753866421","https://openalex.org/W2798365772","https://openalex.org/W2806070179","https://openalex.org/W2938514801","https://openalex.org/W2946668020","https://openalex.org/W2950150812","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964013315","https://openalex.org/W2964204553","https://openalex.org/W2972163183","https://openalex.org/W2973660228","https://openalex.org/W3020027015","https://openalex.org/W3035542568","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6698539447"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W3009056573","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W4281702477","https://openalex.org/W2490526372","https://openalex.org/W4376166922","https://openalex.org/W4328026323","https://openalex.org/W2893646015"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,54,60,66,74,78,85,93,110,114,117],"increasing":[2],"demand":[3],"of":[4,56,116],"location-based":[5],"services,":[6],"neural":[7],"network":[8,50],"(NN)-based":[9],"intelligent":[10],"indoor":[11,42,134],"localization":[12,21,43],"has":[13],"attracted":[14],"great":[15],"interest":[16],"due":[17],"to":[18,52,68,91,123],"its":[19],"high":[20],"accuracy.":[22],"However,":[23],"deep":[24],"NNs":[25],"are":[26,121],"usually":[27],"affected":[28],"by":[29,59,77],"degradation":[30,94],"and":[31,48,96],"gradient":[32,97],"vanishing.":[33,98],"To":[34,99],"fill":[35],"this":[36],"gap,":[37],"we":[38,71,83,108],"propose":[39],"a":[40,101,132],"novel":[41],"system,":[44],"including":[45],"denoising":[46],"NN":[47],"residual":[49,75,80],"(ResNet),":[51],"predict":[53],"location":[55],"moving":[57],"object":[58],"channel":[61],"state":[62],"information":[63],"(CSI).":[64],"In":[65],"ResNet,":[67],"prevent":[69],"overfitting,":[70],"replace":[72],"all":[73],"blocks":[76],"stochastic":[79,87],"blocks.":[81],"Specially,":[82],"explore":[84],"long-range":[86],"shortcut":[88],"connection":[89],"(LRSSC)":[90],"solve":[92],"problem":[95],"obtain":[100],"large":[102],"receptive":[103],"field":[104],"without":[105],"losing":[106],"information,":[107],"leverage":[109],"dilated":[111],"convolution":[112],"at":[113],"rear":[115],"ResNet.":[118],"Experimental":[119],"results":[120],"presented":[122],"confirm":[124],"that":[125],"our":[126],"system":[127],"outperforms":[128],"state-of-the-art":[129],"methods":[130],"in":[131],"representative":[133],"environment.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
