{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3155603560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23040449","title":"Improving the Retrieval of Arabic Web Search Results Using Enhanced k-Means Clustering Algorithm","display_name":"Improving the Retrieval of Arabic Web Search Results Using Enhanced k-Means Clustering Algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3155603560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23040449","mag":"3155603560","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33920374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23040449","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23040449","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/4/449/pdf?version=1618300441","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/4/449/pdf?version=1618300441","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018057443","display_name":"Amjad F. Alsuhaim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284598098","display_name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05tdz6m39","country_code":"SA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284598098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amjad F. Alsuhaim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer & Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","National Center for Telecommunication and Defense Systems Technologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer & Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Telecommunication and Defense Systems Technologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284598098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059302775","display_name":"Aqil M. Azmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-2861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aqil M. Azmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer & Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-2861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer & Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047846736","display_name":"Muhammad Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5847-8539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer & Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5847-8539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer & Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059302775"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.5381,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72354902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"449","last_page":"449"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8387821912765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7725598216056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.7065128684043884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5848647356033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.553735077381134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5112247467041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-clustering","display_name":"Document clustering","score":0.49637943506240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.4372820556163788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.42459791898727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3952331244945526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35242199897766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33740562200546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3219842314720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10530668497085571}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8387821912765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7725598216056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.7065128684043884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5848647356033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.553735077381134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5112247467041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177937566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4223102","display_name":"Document clustering","level":3,"score":0.49637943506240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.4372820556163788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.42459791898727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3952331244945526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35242199897766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33740562200546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3219842314720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10530668497085571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23040449","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23040449","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/4/449/pdf?version=1618300441","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33920374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33920374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8068882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8068882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:78ab8d216a624ba182f3ff77d95638ed","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/78ab8d216a624ba182f3ff77d95638ed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 4, p 449 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/4/449/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23040449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 4; Pages: 449","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23040449","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23040449","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/4/449/pdf?version=1618300441","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3155603560.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120505476","https://openalex.org/W179850243","https://openalex.org/W609568101","https://openalex.org/W1493454437","https://openalex.org/W1532325895","https://openalex.org/W1550876897","https://openalex.org/W1565377632","https://openalex.org/W1663984431","https://openalex.org/W1972389051","https://openalex.org/W1978394996","https://openalex.org/W1979076595","https://openalex.org/W1984708705","https://openalex.org/W1989753087","https://openalex.org/W1990130348","https://openalex.org/W2015930392","https://openalex.org/W2024244759","https://openalex.org/W2026441123","https://openalex.org/W2054997212","https://openalex.org/W2059887434","https://openalex.org/W2071949631","https://openalex.org/W2078929012","https://openalex.org/W2095762362","https://openalex.org/W2107134090","https://openalex.org/W2121996546","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2128338386","https://openalex.org/W2132283323","https://openalex.org/W2132341030","https://openalex.org/W2136317725","https://openalex.org/W2149644314","https://openalex.org/W2265587988","https://openalex.org/W2284481408","https://openalex.org/W2376097362","https://openalex.org/W2524869991","https://openalex.org/W2583662888","https://openalex.org/W2605029335","https://openalex.org/W2613331663","https://openalex.org/W2630766512","https://openalex.org/W2788186240","https://openalex.org/W2898790230","https://openalex.org/W2999729612","https://openalex.org/W3015235647","https://openalex.org/W3100634714","https://openalex.org/W4213009331","https://openalex.org/W4256669726","https://openalex.org/W6604971473","https://openalex.org/W6607331989","https://openalex.org/W6643551428","https://openalex.org/W6680292485","https://openalex.org/W6727430432","https://openalex.org/W6739726450"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2326792587","https://openalex.org/W3172144307","https://openalex.org/W3184247917","https://openalex.org/W4235657630","https://openalex.org/W2506551229","https://openalex.org/W2620283452","https://openalex.org/W2038219622","https://openalex.org/W566381545","https://openalex.org/W2315467675","https://openalex.org/W2121996546"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"information":[1],"retrieval":[2],"systems":[3],"return":[4],"a":[5,11,33,57,82,113,139],"ranked":[6],"list":[7,15],"of":[8,44,134],"results":[9,26,145],"to":[10,63,68,130,141,176,203],"user\u2019s":[12],"query.":[13],"This":[14,162],"is":[16,29,81,86],"often":[17],"long,":[18],"and":[19,98,173,195],"the":[20,25,47,60,66,71,74,90,118,124,132,147,155,160,177,181,186,192,198,204,210],"user":[21,61],"cannot":[22],"explore":[23],"all":[24],"retrieved.":[27],"It":[28,85],"also":[30],"ineffective":[31],"for":[32,191,197],"highly":[34],"ambiguous":[35],"language":[36],"such":[37],"as":[38],"Arabic.":[39],"The":[40,121],"modern":[41],"writing":[42],"style":[43],"Arabic":[45,52,143,166],"excludes":[46],"diacritical":[48],"marking,":[49],"without":[50],"which":[51,80,111],"words":[53],"become":[54],"ambiguous.":[55],"For":[56],"search":[58,144],"query,":[59],"has":[62,73],"skim":[64],"over":[65],"document":[67],"infer":[69],"if":[70],"word":[72,158],"same":[75],"meaning":[76],"they":[77],"are":[78],"after,":[79],"time-consuming":[83],"task.":[84],"hoped":[87],"that":[88],"clustering":[89,109,115],"retrieved":[91],"documents":[92,95],"will":[93,164],"collate":[94],"into":[96],"clear":[97],"meaningful":[99],"groups.":[100],"In":[101],"this":[102],"paper,":[103],"we":[104],"use":[105],"an":[106],"enhanced":[107,148,182],"k-means":[108,149,183],"algorithm,":[110,150],"yields":[112],"faster":[114],"time":[116,188],"than":[117],"regular":[119,205],"k-means.":[120],"algorithm":[122,184],"uses":[123],"distance":[125,135],"calculated":[126],"from":[127],"previous":[128],"iterations":[129],"minimize":[131],"number":[133],"calculations.":[136],"We":[137],"propose":[138],"system":[140,163],"cluster":[142,153],"using":[146],"labeling":[151],"each":[152,170],"with":[154],"most":[156],"frequent":[157],"in":[159],"cluster.":[161,179],"help":[165],"web":[167],"users":[168],"identify":[169],"cluster\u2019s":[171],"topic":[172],"go":[174],"directly":[175],"required":[178],"Experimentally,":[180],"reduced":[185],"execution":[187],"by":[189],"60%":[190],"stemmed":[193],"dataset":[194,200],"47%":[196],"non-stemmed":[199],"when":[201],"compared":[202],"k-means,":[206],"while":[207],"slightly":[208],"improving":[209],"purity.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-22T07:34:49.880490","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}