{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134057412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030322","title":"Integrate Candidate Answer Extraction with Re-Ranking for Chinese Machine Reading Comprehension","display_name":"Integrate Candidate Answer Extraction with Re-Ranking for Chinese Machine Reading Comprehension","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134057412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030322","mag":"3134057412","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33800472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23030322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030322","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/3/322/pdf?version=1616117172","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/3/322/pdf?version=1616117172","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018606189","display_name":"Junjie Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4353-1093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4353-1093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113935140","display_name":"Xiaoya Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoya Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100360430","display_name":"Qi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2519-5580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2519-5580","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025349009","display_name":"Xinmeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6863-6078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinmeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113935140"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03233954,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"322","last_page":"322"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8295006155967712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysemy","display_name":"Polysemy","score":0.7143334746360779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6652884483337402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.6515616178512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6448928117752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.6289808750152588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.589762270450592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.5056049823760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.44801658391952515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.448009729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"Reading comprehension","score":0.44327327609062195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.388099730014801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3333478569984436}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8295006155967712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780276568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191928","display_name":"Polysemy","level":2,"score":0.7143334746360779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6652884483337402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.6515616178512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6448928117752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.6289808750152588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.589762270450592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5056049823760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.44801658391952515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.448009729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.44327327609062195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.388099730014801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3333478569984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23030322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030322","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/3/322/pdf?version=1616117172","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33800472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33800472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8001296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8001296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ddc557e4e0d844afa708da0a15e6071f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ddc557e4e0d844afa708da0a15e6071f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 3, p 322 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/3/322/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23030322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 3; Pages: 322","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23030322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030322","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/3/322/pdf?version=1616117172","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134057412.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134057412.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2125444198","https://openalex.org/W2150824314","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2250249423","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2468783103","https://openalex.org/W2516930406","https://openalex.org/W2606974598","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2740747242","https://openalex.org/W2769395616","https://openalex.org/W2787560479","https://openalex.org/W2798999921","https://openalex.org/W2799081691","https://openalex.org/W2807873315","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2897789462","https://openalex.org/W2913218482","https://openalex.org/W2962808855","https://openalex.org/W2963195889","https://openalex.org/W2964181805","https://openalex.org/W2967147816","https://openalex.org/W2998083599","https://openalex.org/W3098774588","https://openalex.org/W3210120707","https://openalex.org/W6725207838","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2376040010","https://openalex.org/W2613880225","https://openalex.org/W2788559978","https://openalex.org/W2358036664","https://openalex.org/W2891304714","https://openalex.org/W4385239993","https://openalex.org/W2082296339","https://openalex.org/W2030403248","https://openalex.org/W2161828220","https://openalex.org/W1972348076"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"Reading":[1,45],"Comprehension":[2,46],"(MRC)":[3],"research":[4],"concerns":[5],"how":[6],"to":[7,13,75,127,150],"endow":[8],"machines":[9],"with":[10,48],"the":[11,26,34,83,109,135,153,164],"ability":[12],"understand":[14],"given":[15],"passages":[16],"and":[17,59,87,130,137,157],"answer":[18,56,65,155],"questions,":[19],"which":[20,80,106,125],"is":[21,88],"a":[22,54,60,103,122],"challenging":[23],"problem":[24,84],"in":[25],"field":[27],"of":[28,53,85,111],"natural":[29],"language":[30,72],"processing.":[31],"To":[32],"solve":[33,82],"Chinese":[35,92],"MRC":[36,173],"task":[37],"efficiently,":[38],"this":[39,141],"paper":[40,142],"proposes":[41,143],"an":[42,69,144],"Improved":[43],"Extraction-based":[44],"method":[47],"Answer":[49],"Re-ranking":[50],"(IERC-AR),":[51],"consisting":[52],"candidate":[55,64,99,154],"extraction":[57,66,156],"module":[58,67,97],"re-ranking":[61,96,158],"module.":[62],"The":[63,95,160],"uses":[68],"improved":[70],"pre-training":[71],"model,":[73],"RoBERTa-WWM,":[74],"generate":[76],"precise":[77],"word":[78],"representations,":[79],"can":[81,107],"polysemy":[86],"good":[89],"for":[90,148],"capturing":[91],"word-level":[93],"features.":[94],"re-evaluates":[98],"answers":[100],"based":[101],"on":[102,163],"self-attention":[104],"mechanism,":[105],"improve":[108],"accuracy":[110],"predicting":[112],"answers.":[113],"Traditional":[114],"machine-reading":[115],"methods":[116],"generally":[117],"integrate":[118,152],"different":[119],"modules":[120],"into":[121],"pipeline":[123],"system,":[124],"leads":[126],"re-encoding":[128],"problems":[129],"inconsistent":[131],"data":[132],"distribution":[133],"between":[134],"training":[136],"testing":[138],"phases;":[139],"therefore,":[140],"end-to-end":[145],"model":[146],"architecture":[147],"IERC-AR":[149,170],"reasonably":[151],"modules.":[159],"experimental":[161],"results":[162],"Les":[165],"MMRC":[166],"dataset":[167],"show":[168],"that":[169],"outperforms":[171],"state-of-the-art":[172],"approaches.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}