{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135899442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030293","title":"A Technical Critique of Some Parts of the Free Energy Principle","display_name":"A Technical Critique of Some Parts of the Free Energy Principle","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135899442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030293","mag":"3135899442","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33673663"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23030293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030293","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/3/293/pdf?version=1616675417","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/3/293/pdf?version=1616675417","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068164344","display_name":"Martin Biehl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1670-6855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68926175","display_name":"Hoya (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/049vpfq31","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68926175"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Biehl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Araya Inc., Tokyo 107-6024, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1670-6855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Araya Inc., Tokyo 107-6024, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68926175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051191531","display_name":"Felix A. Pollock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1483-5661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Felix A. Pollock","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1483-5661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049957600","display_name":"Ryota Kanai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0186-2687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68926175","display_name":"Hoya (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/049vpfq31","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68926175"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryota Kanai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Araya Inc., Tokyo 107-6024, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0186-2687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Araya Inc., Tokyo 107-6024, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68926175"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051191531","https://openalex.org/A5068164344"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836","https://openalex.org/I68926175"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":84.5561,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99924401,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"293","last_page":"293"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11520","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lemma","display_name":"Lemma (botany)","score":0.7304040193557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-energy-principle","display_name":"Free energy principle","score":0.6895729303359985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.5314143300056458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5032374262809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.4826824963092804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variational-principle","display_name":"Variational principle","score":0.4407816529273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.43619304895401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4265826344490051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calculus","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","score":0.42254674434661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.4203762710094452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38129469752311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-physics","display_name":"Theoretical physics","score":0.36579734086990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.34608709812164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17041105031967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1430026888847351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.13624975085258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.10968592762947083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777759810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149316","display_name":"Lemma (botany)","level":3,"score":0.7304040193557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33553690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17014702","display_name":"Free energy principle","level":2,"score":0.6895729303359985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5314143300056458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5032374262809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.4826824963092804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9259290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745215","display_name":"Variational principle","level":2,"score":0.4407816529273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.43619304895401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4265826344490051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777686260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144037","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","level":2,"score":0.42254674434661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.4203762710094452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38129469752311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.36579734086990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.34608709812164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17041105031967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1430026888847351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.13624975085258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.10968592762947083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46757340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43238","display_name":"Poaceae","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23030293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030293","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/3/293/pdf?version=1616675417","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33673663","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33673663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b8b3d9ec3634c2aa2352c21c0eb20dd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b8b3d9ec3634c2aa2352c21c0eb20dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 3, p 293 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/3/293/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23030293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 3; Pages: 293","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7997279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7997279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23030293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030293","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/3/293/pdf?version=1616675417","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G944371607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TWCF0306","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327239","funder_display_name":"Templeton World Charity Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320971","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327239","display_name":"Templeton World Charity Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0z1472"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135899442.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135899442.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521482430","https://openalex.org/W1524172054","https://openalex.org/W2055789905","https://openalex.org/W2059320470","https://openalex.org/W2098272411","https://openalex.org/W2098303581","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2153418039","https://openalex.org/W2162657038","https://openalex.org/W2751094260","https://openalex.org/W2913087274","https://openalex.org/W2996530576","https://openalex.org/W3100657745","https://openalex.org/W3109381375","https://openalex.org/W3121698465","https://openalex.org/W3142810913","https://openalex.org/W4255338393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2328853561","https://openalex.org/W2077676730","https://openalex.org/W2626139645","https://openalex.org/W2383711952","https://openalex.org/W4247002362","https://openalex.org/W4250430376","https://openalex.org/W4235927465","https://openalex.org/W4230891546","https://openalex.org/W4251688460","https://openalex.org/W2347596845"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,15,65,96,113],"summarize":[1],"the":[2,6,43,55,71,78,101,126,160,168,190,201,212,216],"original":[3,102],"formulation":[4],"of":[5,42,54,80,82,128,139,167,189],"free":[7,44,72,103,118,169,217],"energy":[8,45,73,104,119,170,218],"principle":[9,171,219],"and":[10,32,131,146,172],"highlight":[11,158,196],"some":[12,197],"technical":[13],"issues.":[14],"discuss":[16],"how":[17],"these":[18],"issues":[19],"affect":[20],"related":[21],"results":[22],"involving":[23],"generalised":[24],"coordinates":[25],"and,":[26],"where":[27],"appropriate,":[28],"mention":[29],"consequences":[30],"for":[31],"reveal,":[33],"up":[34],"to":[35,184],"now":[36],"unacknowledged,":[37],"differences":[38],"from":[39],"newer":[40,165],"formulations":[41,166],"principle.":[46],"In":[47],"particular,":[48],"we":[49,147,157,194],"reveal":[50],"that":[51,67,100,116,150,159,193,211],"various":[52],"definitions":[53],"\"Markov":[56],"blanket\"":[57],"proposed":[58],"in":[59,70,137,164,180,200],"different":[60,177,187],"works":[61],"are":[62,87,174,220],"not":[63,88,153,207],"equivalent.":[64],"show":[66,114],"crucial":[68],"steps":[69],"argument,":[74],"which":[75],"involve":[76],"rewriting":[77],"equations":[79],"motion":[81],"systems":[83],"with":[84],"Markov":[85],"blankets,":[86],"generally":[89],"correct":[90],"without":[91],"additional":[92],"(previously":[93],"unstated)":[94],"assumptions.":[95],"prove":[97],"by":[98,176],"counterexamples":[99],"lemma,":[105,120],"when":[106,121],"taken":[107],"at":[108],"face":[109],"value,":[110],"is":[111,152],"wrong.":[112],"further":[115],"this":[117,144],"it":[122,151],"does":[123],"hold,":[124],"implies":[125],"equality":[127],"variational":[129,161],"density":[130],"ergodic":[132],"conditional":[133],"density.":[134],"The":[135],"interpretation":[136,188],"terms":[138],"Bayesian":[140],"inference":[141],"hinges":[142],"on":[143],"point,":[145],"hence":[148],"conclude":[149],"sufficiently":[154],"justified.":[155],"Additionally,":[156],"densities":[162],"presented":[163],"lemma":[173],"parametrised":[175],"variables":[178],"than":[179],"older":[181],"works,":[182],"leading":[183],"a":[185],"substantially":[186],"theory.":[191],"Note":[192],"only":[195],"specific":[198],"problems":[199,205],"discussed":[202],"publications.":[203],"These":[204],"do":[206],"rule":[208],"out":[209],"conclusively":[210],"general":[213],"ideas":[214],"behind":[215],"worth":[221],"pursuing.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-29T09:21:14.243279","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}