{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3121315784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23020156","title":"Entropy Generation for Negative Frictional Pressure Drop in Vertical Slug and Churn Flows","display_name":"Entropy Generation for Negative Frictional Pressure Drop in Vertical Slug and Churn Flows","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3121315784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23020156","mag":"3121315784","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33514034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23020156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23020156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/2/156/pdf?version=1612343714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/2/156/pdf?version=1612343714","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101922043","display_name":"Lei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0877-3168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386804","display_name":"Dongxu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-0460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongxu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053387891","display_name":"Na Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6522-0221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Na Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101922043"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.3628,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48652878,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"156","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10864","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Mixing","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10864","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Mixing","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10850","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Boiling Studies","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11126","display_name":"Metallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pressure-drop","display_name":"Pressure drop","score":0.775277853012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.7104794383049011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buoyancy","display_name":"Buoyancy","score":0.6710747480392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.6241816878318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drop","display_name":"Drop (telecommunication)","score":0.5077587366104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressibility","display_name":"Compressibility","score":0.501866340637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.4798109829425812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slug-flow","display_name":"Slug flow","score":0.4102506637573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3963850736618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.367186963558197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-phase-flow","display_name":"Two-phase flow","score":0.30208396911621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.24661749601364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2150690257549286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10000258684158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.08480566740036011}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114088122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261069","display_name":"Pressure drop","level":2,"score":0.775277853012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.7104794383049011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C538625479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497624","display_name":"Buoyancy","level":2,"score":0.6710747480392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.6241816878318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781345722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308388","display_name":"Drop (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.5077587366104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84655787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8067817","display_name":"Compressibility","level":2,"score":0.501866340637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.4798109829425812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139514615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16935556","display_name":"Slug flow","level":4,"score":0.4102506637573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3963850736618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.367186963558197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144308804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232997","display_name":"Two-phase flow","level":3,"score":0.30208396911621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.24661749601364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2150690257549286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10000258684158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08480566740036011}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23020156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23020156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/2/156/pdf?version=1612343714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33514034","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33514034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0f304b6c19b84f40acdd93f795a88476","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0f304b6c19b84f40acdd93f795a88476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 23, Iss 2, p 156 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/23/2/156/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23020156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 23; Issue 2; Pages: 156","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7911165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7911165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e23020156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23020156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/2/156/pdf?version=1612343714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G195156127","display_name":"\u4f4e\u6e17\u900f\u5b54\u9699\u4e2d\u6cb9\u6c34\u4e24\u76f8\u6e17\u6d41\u7684\u5fae\u6d41\u4f53\u5b66\u673a\u7406\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"11572241","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3121315784.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504072055","https://openalex.org/W1587261652","https://openalex.org/W1967147239","https://openalex.org/W1970531488","https://openalex.org/W1973819949","https://openalex.org/W1974948300","https://openalex.org/W1980037549","https://openalex.org/W2009922516","https://openalex.org/W2018384820","https://openalex.org/W2019423599","https://openalex.org/W2028835673","https://openalex.org/W2031189804","https://openalex.org/W2041012330","https://openalex.org/W2050221302","https://openalex.org/W2058017277","https://openalex.org/W2063341186","https://openalex.org/W2069017348","https://openalex.org/W2084573902","https://openalex.org/W2114761768","https://openalex.org/W2160412243","https://openalex.org/W2189511496","https://openalex.org/W2285202453","https://openalex.org/W2315027382","https://openalex.org/W2380664793","https://openalex.org/W2421047528","https://openalex.org/W2520901979","https://openalex.org/W2739067982","https://openalex.org/W2808763969","https://openalex.org/W2893892376","https://openalex.org/W2898570288","https://openalex.org/W2909569976","https://openalex.org/W2958939702","https://openalex.org/W2965578358","https://openalex.org/W2968339161","https://openalex.org/W3045750685","https://openalex.org/W6677135329"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310062623","https://openalex.org/W2073149732","https://openalex.org/W2068413164","https://openalex.org/W2794679269","https://openalex.org/W1974664162","https://openalex.org/W2766929182","https://openalex.org/W2045672824","https://openalex.org/W2067931159","https://openalex.org/W3205702922","https://openalex.org/W1983170518"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0,63,206],"is":[1,9,64,150,167,189,198,207],"widely":[2],"accepted":[3],"that":[4,66,146,209],"the":[5,18,37,55,67,78,117,147,163,180,194,210,224],"frictional":[6,20,68,122,164,195,212],"pressure":[7,21,69,123,165,196,213],"drop":[8,70,124,166,197],"impossible":[10],"to":[11,45,77,82,133,185],"be":[12],"negative":[13,19,126,199,211],"for":[14,25,54,86,110,121,154,169],"pipe":[15,104],"flow.":[16],"However,":[17],"drops":[22,214],"were":[23,52,99,138],"observed":[24,215],"some":[26],"cases":[27],"of":[28,40,116,158,173,178],"two-phase":[29],"slug":[30,59,89,111,202,217],"and":[31,60,90,95,112,152,203,218],"churn":[32,61,91,113,204,219],"flows":[33,92,220],"in":[34,58,93,101,200,216],"pipes,":[35],"challenging":[36],"general":[38],"sense":[39],"thermodynamic":[41],"irreversibility.":[42,226],"In":[43],"order":[44],"solve":[46],"this":[47],"puzzling":[48],"problem,":[49],"theoretical":[50],"investigations":[51],"performed":[53],"entropy":[56,79,159,174,182],"generation":[57,80,136,160,175,183],"flows.":[62,114,205],"found":[65],"along":[71],"with":[72,105],"a":[73,102,155,170],"buoyancy-like":[74,148],"term":[75,149],"contributes":[76],"due":[81,184],"mechanical":[83,186],"energy":[84,187],"loss":[85,188],"steady,":[87],"incompressible":[88],"vertical":[94,103,201],"inclined":[96],"pipes.":[97],"Experiments":[98],"conducted":[100],"diameter":[106],"as":[107],"0.04":[108],"m":[109],"Most":[115],"experimental":[118,141],"data":[119],"obtained":[120],"are":[125,221],"at":[127],"high":[128],"gas-liquid":[129],"ratios":[130],"from":[131,140],"100":[132],"10,000.":[134],"Entropy":[135],"rates":[137],"calculated":[139],"data.":[142],"The":[143],"results":[144],"show":[145],"positive":[151,191],"responsible":[153,168],"major":[156],"part":[157,172],"rate":[161],"while":[162],"little":[171],"rate,":[176],"because":[177],"which":[179],"overall":[181],"still":[190],"even":[192],"if":[193],"clear":[208],"not":[222],"against":[223],"thermodynamics":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}