{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3108832389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22121350","title":"A Generalized Spatial Modulation System Using Massive MIMO Space Time Coding Antenna Grouping","display_name":"A Generalized Spatial Modulation System Using Massive MIMO Space Time Coding Antenna Grouping","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3108832389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22121350","mag":"3108832389","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265968"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22121350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22121350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/12/1350/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/12/1350/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062318145","display_name":"Amira I. Zaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9438-8207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59272784","display_name":"Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/0004vyj87","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amira I. Zaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9438-8207","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067857194","display_name":"Mahmoud Nassar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7683-5862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59272784","display_name":"Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/0004vyj87","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Nassar","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081530810","display_name":"Moustafa H. Aly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1966-3755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59272784","display_name":"Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/0004vyj87","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Moustafa H. Aly","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1966-3755","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034176337","display_name":"Waleed K. Badawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1191-5797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59272784","display_name":"Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/0004vyj87","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waleed K. Badawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1191-5797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081530810"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.8321,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73599627,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"12","first_page":"1350","last_page":"1350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.8190101385116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gsm","display_name":"GSM","score":0.6735157370567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6292897462844849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-diversity","display_name":"Antenna diversity","score":0.5831474661827087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.5480787754058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5079546570777893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-multiplexing","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","score":0.48864585161209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3g-mimo","display_name":"3G MIMO","score":0.4826648533344269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.477630078792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4610350430011749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3153221905231476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.22010108828544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18437811732292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16140994429588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07742542028427124}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.8190101385116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59201141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46904","display_name":"GSM","level":2,"score":0.6735157370567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6292897462844849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60069766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357054","display_name":"Antenna diversity","level":3,"score":0.5831474661827087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.5480787754058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5079546570777893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85884896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574075","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.48864585161209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165650700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636347","display_name":"3G MIMO","level":4,"score":0.4826648533344269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.477630078792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4610350430011749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3153221905231476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.22010108828544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18437811732292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16140994429588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07742542028427124}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22121350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22121350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/12/1350/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33265968","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:29c004679d3b4a1bb45dfc5a06c2b5cf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/29c004679d3b4a1bb45dfc5a06c2b5cf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 12, p 1350 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/12/1350/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22121350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 22; Issue 12; Pages: 1350","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7760861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7760861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22121350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22121350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/12/1350/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3108832389.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3108832389.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555918982","https://openalex.org/W1973181717","https://openalex.org/W1974564856","https://openalex.org/W1989050864","https://openalex.org/W2034717085","https://openalex.org/W2085468476","https://openalex.org/W2092235212","https://openalex.org/W2107080958","https://openalex.org/W2128261358","https://openalex.org/W2141162475","https://openalex.org/W2146206750","https://openalex.org/W2147035723","https://openalex.org/W2157845963","https://openalex.org/W2160218097","https://openalex.org/W2242291464","https://openalex.org/W2247161821","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2472995092","https://openalex.org/W2495956121","https://openalex.org/W2616555170","https://openalex.org/W2883668642","https://openalex.org/W2962876875","https://openalex.org/W2963969247","https://openalex.org/W2972604916","https://openalex.org/W3105827742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606846467","https://openalex.org/W1574498476","https://openalex.org/W2159343473","https://openalex.org/W2950721519","https://openalex.org/W2130561732","https://openalex.org/W4237321995","https://openalex.org/W1996130034","https://openalex.org/W1972125288","https://openalex.org/W2486733753","https://openalex.org/W113546518"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Massive":[0],"multiple":[1,3],"input":[2],"output":[4],"(MIMO),":[5],"also":[6,139],"known":[7],"as":[8],"a":[9,35,83],"very":[10],"large-scale":[11],"MIMO,":[12],"is":[13,32,96,102],"an":[14],"emerging":[15],"technology":[16],"in":[17,168],"wireless":[18,145],"communications":[19],"that":[20,158],"increases":[21],"capacity":[22],"compared":[23,163],"to":[24,55,119,124,164,176],"MIMO":[25,29,46,181],"systems.":[26],"The":[27,41,98,154],"massive":[28,45,180],"communication":[30],"technique":[31,94,101],"currently":[33],"forming":[34],"major":[36],"part":[37],"of":[38,52,108,117,143,150,170,185],"ongoing":[39],"research.":[40],"main":[42],"issue":[43],"for":[44,179],"improvements":[47],"depends":[48],"on":[49,104,114],"the":[50,57,68,128,141,144,151],"number":[51],"transmitting":[53],"antennas":[54,118],"increase":[56,140],"data":[58,69,112,121,171],"rate":[59,64,70,122,172],"and":[60,71,75,123,137,173],"minimize":[61,125],"bit":[62],"error":[63],"(BER).":[65],"To":[66],"enhance":[67],"BER,":[72,174],"new":[73],"coding":[74,93,107],"modulation":[76,86],"techniques":[77,167],"are":[78],"required.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81],"paper,":[82],"generalized":[84],"spatial":[85,134],"(GSM)":[87],"with":[88],"antenna":[89],"grouping":[90],"space":[91,105],"time":[92,106],"(STC)":[95],"proposed.":[97],"proposed":[99,129],"GSM-STC":[100,130,159],"based":[103],"two":[109,115],"successive":[110],"GSM-modulated":[111],"symbols":[113],"subgroups":[116,184],"improve":[120],"BER.":[126],"Moreover,":[127],"system":[131],"can":[132,138],"offer":[133],"diversity":[135],"gains":[136],"reliability":[142],"channel":[146],"by":[147,182],"providing":[148],"replicas":[149],"received":[152],"signal.":[153],"simulation":[155],"results":[156],"show":[157],"achieves":[160],"better":[161],"performance":[162],"conventional":[165],"GSM":[166],"terms":[169],"leading":[175],"good":[177],"potential":[178],"using":[183],"antennas.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
