{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3100398996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111275","title":"Distinguishability and Disturbance in the Quantum Key Distribution Protocol Using the Mean Multi-Kings\u2019 Problem","display_name":"Distinguishability and Disturbance in the Quantum Key Distribution Protocol Using the Mean Multi-Kings\u2019 Problem","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3100398996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111275","mag":"3100398996","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33287043"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22111275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111275","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/11/1275/pdf?version=1605155133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/11/1275/pdf?version=1605155133","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086037608","display_name":"M. Yoshida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2403-2093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133712593","display_name":"Osaka Sangyo University","ror":"https://ror.org/01h2m4f20","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133712593"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Masakazu Yoshida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Design Technology, Osaka Sangyo University, 3-1-1 Daito-shi, Osaka 574-8530, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2403-2093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Design Technology, Osaka Sangyo University, 3-1-1 Daito-shi, Osaka 574-8530, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133712593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078741192","display_name":"Ayumu Nakayama","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayumu Nakayama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Chiba 263-8522, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065201436","display_name":"Jun Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-2132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133984924","display_name":"Doshisha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fxdkm29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-2132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086037608"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133712593"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.136,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57595822,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"11","first_page":"1275","last_page":"1275"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.8516254425048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-source","display_name":"Communication source","score":0.8474457263946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bb84","display_name":"BB84","score":0.7554365396499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6154700517654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6129994988441467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5543729066848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.540668785572052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.43214505910873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4294307827949524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-channel","display_name":"Quantum channel","score":0.4200119376182556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3628014326095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.36040198802948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.35147321224212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.26542729139328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.12209412455558777}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.8516254425048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198104137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688","display_name":"Communication source","level":2,"score":0.8474457263946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78203541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2566969","display_name":"BB84","level":5,"score":0.7554365396499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6154700517654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6129994988441467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5543729066848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.540668785572052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.43214505910873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4294307827949524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.4200119376182556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3628014326095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36040198802948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.35147321224212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.26542729139328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.12209412455558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22111275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111275","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/11/1275/pdf?version=1605155133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33287043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33287043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:89f7025be5f44f8db24125f5be8c0638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/89f7025be5f44f8db24125f5be8c0638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 11, p 1275 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/11/1275/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22111275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 22; Issue 11; Pages: 1275","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7712272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7712272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22111275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111275","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/11/1275/pdf?version=1605155133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W245337057","https://openalex.org/W1536457041","https://openalex.org/W1621050367","https://openalex.org/W1653532236","https://openalex.org/W1698240728","https://openalex.org/W1936458434","https://openalex.org/W1963973936","https://openalex.org/W1970006170","https://openalex.org/W1979769600","https://openalex.org/W1988155384","https://openalex.org/W2002654047","https://openalex.org/W2008426564","https://openalex.org/W2009288477","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2029587304","https://openalex.org/W2048920728","https://openalex.org/W2050847409","https://openalex.org/W2063635674","https://openalex.org/W2081384252","https://openalex.org/W2092577518","https://openalex.org/W2111022107","https://openalex.org/W2154300278","https://openalex.org/W2167528581","https://openalex.org/W2921594317","https://openalex.org/W3100524017","https://openalex.org/W3100982522","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4297944615","https://openalex.org/W6640736751"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3099174309","https://openalex.org/W4390997098","https://openalex.org/W3006889293","https://openalex.org/W4367358755","https://openalex.org/W2793294224","https://openalex.org/W3011401624","https://openalex.org/W2849376718","https://openalex.org/W3105166640","https://openalex.org/W2797813721","https://openalex.org/W2905159093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,27,57,89],"introduce":[1],"a":[2,14,18,22,29,60],"quantum":[3,96],"key":[4,24],"distribution":[5],"protocol":[6],"using":[7],"mean":[8],"multi-kings'":[9],"problem.":[10],"Using":[11],"this":[12],"protocol,":[13,46],"sender":[15,64],"can":[16],"share":[17,70],"bit":[19,71,101,111],"sequence":[20,102,112],"as":[21,51],"secret":[23,127],"with":[25,114],"receivers.":[26],"consider":[28],"relation":[30,48],"between":[31,93],"information":[32,54,79,124],"gain":[33],"by":[34,80],"an":[35,86],"eavesdropper":[36,75,105],"and":[37,65,73,85,106,134],"disturbance":[38,55],"contained":[39],"in":[40],"legitimate":[41,82,116],"users'":[42,83],"information.":[43],"In":[44],"BB84":[45],"such":[47],"is":[49],"known":[50],"the":[52,63,74,100,104,110,115,126,132,136],"so-called":[53],"theorem.":[56],"focus":[58],"on":[59],"setting":[61],"that":[62,121],"two":[66],"receivers":[67],"try":[68],"to":[69,77,99],"sequences":[72],"tries":[76],"extract":[78],"interacting":[81],"systems":[84],"ancilla":[87],"system.":[88],"derive":[90],"trade-off":[91],"inequalities":[92,119],"distinguishability":[94],"of":[95,109],"states":[97,133],"corresponding":[98],"for":[103],"error":[107,137],"probability":[108],"shared":[113],"users.":[117],"Our":[118],"show":[120],"eavesdropper's":[122],"extracting":[123],"regarding":[125],"keys":[128],"inevitably":[129],"induces":[130],"disturbing":[131],"increasing":[135],"probability.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}