{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093704529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111202","title":"Dynamic Topology Reconfiguration of Boltzmann Machines on Quantum Annealers","display_name":"Dynamic Topology Reconfiguration of Boltzmann Machines on Quantum Annealers","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093704529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111202","mag":"3093704529","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286970"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22111202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/11/1202/pdf?version=1604389630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/11/1202/pdf?version=1604389630","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102902606","display_name":"Jeremy Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7229-9417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7229-9417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102088852","display_name":"Ke-Thia Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke-Thia Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054568644","display_name":"Federico M. Spedalieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4784-9100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Spedalieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA","Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102902606"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.5202,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65695175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"11","first_page":"1202","last_page":"1202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boltzmann-machine","display_name":"Boltzmann machine","score":0.890048623085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7185646891593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.5656851530075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boltzmann-constant","display_name":"Boltzmann constant","score":0.5615724325180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restricted-boltzmann-machine","display_name":"Restricted Boltzmann machine","score":0.5143288373947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.5001752376556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-reconfiguration","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","score":0.4716488718986511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.4529801607131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.3249427080154419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27430522441864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21357685327529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.19153034687042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16239339113235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08080637454986572}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192576344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194706","display_name":"Boltzmann machine","level":3,"score":0.890048623085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7185646891593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.5656851530075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35304006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5962","display_name":"Boltzmann constant","level":2,"score":0.5615724325180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199354608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316287","display_name":"Restricted Boltzmann machine","level":3,"score":0.5143288373947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.5001752376556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119701452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","level":2,"score":0.4716488718986511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.4529801607131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3249427080154419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27430522441864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21357685327529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.19153034687042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16239339113235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08080637454986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22111202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/11/1202/pdf?version=1604389630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33286970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:28182cba64964ed8a2592cc52702a947","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/28182cba64964ed8a2592cc52702a947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 11, p 1202 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/11/1202/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22111202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 22; Issue 11; Pages: 1202","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1782889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1782889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7711444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7711444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22111202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/11/1202/pdf?version=1604389630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1489425746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1645119126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4370606643","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337506","funder_display_name":"Advanced Scientific Computing Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4423657506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7995982022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8269158468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8906985441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337506","display_name":"Advanced Scientific Computing Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0012c7r22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093704529.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093704529.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189596042","https://openalex.org/W999198455","https://openalex.org/W1488590474","https://openalex.org/W1494735819","https://openalex.org/W1547224907","https://openalex.org/W1877375092","https://openalex.org/W1980289135","https://openalex.org/W2003813631","https://openalex.org/W2004737838","https://openalex.org/W2042492924","https://openalex.org/W2062227835","https://openalex.org/W2116064496","https://openalex.org/W2120802379","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2144938562","https://openalex.org/W2153346333","https://openalex.org/W2803880935","https://openalex.org/W2953096896","https://openalex.org/W2962977736","https://openalex.org/W2963703618","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W3098768946","https://openalex.org/W3101479050","https://openalex.org/W3103169934","https://openalex.org/W3105352070","https://openalex.org/W3200731381","https://openalex.org/W4255825300","https://openalex.org/W6607775107","https://openalex.org/W6632924624","https://openalex.org/W6660690085","https://openalex.org/W6785581657","https://openalex.org/W6785880491","https://openalex.org/W7006561052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2193475944","https://openalex.org/W2119341610","https://openalex.org/W2028660548","https://openalex.org/W1641020902","https://openalex.org/W2529583158","https://openalex.org/W2916681395","https://openalex.org/W2179571827","https://openalex.org/W2002649600","https://openalex.org/W2007906783","https://openalex.org/W4250803287"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Boltzmann":[0,29,63,74,97],"machines":[1,30,64,98],"have":[2,50,70],"useful":[3],"roles":[4],"in":[5],"deep":[6],"learning":[7],"applications,":[8],"such":[9,39],"as":[10,38],"generative":[11],"data":[12],"modeling,":[13],"initializing":[14],"weights":[15],"for":[16],"other":[17],"types":[18],"of":[19,81,96],"networks,":[20],"or":[21],"extracting":[22],"efficient":[23],"representations":[24],"from":[25,58],"high-dimensional":[26],"data.":[27],"Most":[28],"use":[31],"restricted":[32],"topologies":[33],"that":[34,44],"exclude":[35],"looping":[36,66],"connectivity,":[37],"connectivity":[40],"creates":[41],"complex":[42,59],"distributions":[43,60],"are":[45],"difficult":[46],"to":[47,56,77],"sample.":[48],"We":[49],"used":[51],"an":[52,82],"open-system":[53],"quantum":[54,79],"annealer":[55],"sample":[57],"and":[61,89,101],"implement":[62],"with":[65],"connectivity.":[67],"Further,":[68],"we":[69],"created":[71],"policies":[72],"mapping":[73],"machine":[75],"variables":[76],"the":[78,94],"bits":[80],"annealer.":[83],"These":[84],"policies,":[85],"based":[86],"on":[87],"correlation":[88],"entropy":[90],"metrics,":[91],"dynamically":[92],"reconfigure":[93],"topology":[95],"during":[99],"training":[100],"improve":[102],"performance.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}