{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093598039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111191","title":"Analysis of Factors Contributing to the Severity of Large Truck Crashes","display_name":"Analysis of Factors Contributing to the Severity of Large Truck Crashes","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093598039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111191","mag":"3093598039","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22111191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111191","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/11/1191/pdf?version=1604317022","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/11/1191/pdf?version=1604317022","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100754908","display_name":"Jinhong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9242-4414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), University Road 3501, Jinan 250353, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), University Road 3501, Jinan 250353, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748","https://openalex.org/I152269853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057988612","display_name":"Jinli Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48205209","display_name":"Texas Southern University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ch0aw77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinli Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transportation Studies, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX 77004-9986, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transportation Studies, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX 77004-9986, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100354995","display_name":"Pengfei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7217-151X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, EPIC Building, Room 3366, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, EPIC Building, Room 3366, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013463992","display_name":"Yi Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6314-2626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48205209","display_name":"Texas Southern University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ch0aw77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transportation Studies, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX 77004-9986, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transportation Studies, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX 77004-9986, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013463992"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":3.0473,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90294415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"11","first_page":"1191","last_page":"1191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11824","display_name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truck","display_name":"Truck","score":0.8129469752311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.6882542371749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5794192552566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.5663607716560364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.4747781455516815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4655269980430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logit","display_name":"Logit","score":0.4523318111896515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.43903860449790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.41854536533355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.36904457211494446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3668130040168762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3504272699356079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.24008822441101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1845211386680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16977077722549438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.1264643371105194}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52121051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43193","display_name":"Truck","level":2,"score":0.8129469752311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.6882542371749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5794192552566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5663607716560364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.4747781455516815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4655269980430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.4523318111896515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.43903860449790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.41854536533355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.36904457211494446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3668130040168762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3504272699356079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.24008822441101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1845211386680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16977077722549438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.1264643371105194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22111191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111191","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/11/1191/pdf?version=1604317022","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33286959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalscholarship.tsu.edu:facpubs-1068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/facpubs/58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196639","display_name":"Digital Scholarship - Texas Southern University (Texas Southern University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I48205209","host_organization_name":"Texas Southern University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cf933402b2ad41a6ba5ed5915a307cba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cf933402b2ad41a6ba5ed5915a307cba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 11, p 1191 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/11/1191/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22111191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 22; Issue 11; Pages: 1191","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7711803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7711803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22111191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111191","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/11/1191/pdf?version=1604317022","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4624329846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"69A3551747133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G728682276","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"69A3551747","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093598039.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093598039.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1980399291","https://openalex.org/W1988201075","https://openalex.org/W1994984228","https://openalex.org/W2020549527","https://openalex.org/W2022714541","https://openalex.org/W2039357427","https://openalex.org/W2040509115","https://openalex.org/W2049720056","https://openalex.org/W2059425182","https://openalex.org/W2062493514","https://openalex.org/W2070505631","https://openalex.org/W2074816719","https://openalex.org/W2080285081","https://openalex.org/W2083006184","https://openalex.org/W2086927126","https://openalex.org/W2090632733","https://openalex.org/W2099532127","https://openalex.org/W2185727092","https://openalex.org/W2255494149","https://openalex.org/W2315573101","https://openalex.org/W2531279931","https://openalex.org/W2594918460","https://openalex.org/W2800779943","https://openalex.org/W2889243974","https://openalex.org/W2898887680","https://openalex.org/W2899037650","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2993961411","https://openalex.org/W3012173658","https://openalex.org/W3036908157","https://openalex.org/W3122059187","https://openalex.org/W4231998197","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6645436915","https://openalex.org/W6647474349"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125652721","https://openalex.org/W1540371141","https://openalex.org/W1549363203","https://openalex.org/W2154063878","https://openalex.org/W4231274751","https://openalex.org/W2556012038","https://openalex.org/W1489772951","https://openalex.org/W3108206494","https://openalex.org/W2739726746","https://openalex.org/W4242380336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Crashes":[0],"that":[1,125,147],"involved":[2],"large":[3,19,73,215,236],"trucks":[4],"often":[5],"result":[6],"in":[7,133,142],"immense":[8],"human,":[9],"economic,":[10],"and":[11,16,60,139,168,171,174,190,203,224,226,228],"social":[12],"losses.":[13],"To":[14],"prevent":[15,234],"mitigate":[17],"severe":[18,235],"truck":[20,74,216,237],"crashes,":[21],"factors":[22,67,91,146,181,209],"contributing":[23,68,145,210],"to":[24,31,64,69,87,117,211],"the":[25,66,70,90,94,103,108,126,152,160,172,177,180,184,193,198,206,212,220],"severity":[26,71,213],"of":[27,72,121,135,176,179,200,214,222],"these":[28],"crashes":[29],"need":[30],"be":[32,38],"identified":[33,92,150,182,194],"before":[34],"appropriate":[35],"countermeasures":[36],"can":[37,163,233],"explored.":[39],"In":[40,218],"this":[41,122],"research,":[42],"we":[43],"applied":[44],"three":[45],"tree-based":[46],"machine":[47],"learning":[48],"(ML)":[49],"techniques,":[50],"i.e.,":[51],"random":[52],"forest":[53],"(RF),":[54],"gradient":[55],"boost":[56],"decision":[57],"tree":[58],"(GBDT),":[59],"adaptive":[61],"boosting":[62],"(AdaBoost),":[63],"analyze":[65],"crashes.":[75,217,238],"Besides,":[76,159],"a":[77,84],"mixed":[78,153],"logit":[79,154],"model":[80,86,128,155,186],"was":[81,99],"developed":[82],"as":[83,156],"baseline":[85],"compare":[88],"with":[89,230],"by":[93,151,183],"ML":[95,131],"models.":[96],"The":[97,119],"analysis":[98],"performed":[100],"based":[101],"on":[102],"crash":[104],"data":[105],"collected":[106],"from":[107,115],"Texas":[109],"Crash":[110],"Records":[111],"Information":[112],"System":[113],"(CRIS)":[114],"2011":[116],"2015.":[118],"results":[120],"research":[123],"demonstrated":[124],"GBDT":[127,161,185],"outperforms":[129],"other":[130],"methods":[132],"terms":[134],"its":[136,140],"prediction":[137],"accuracy":[138],"capability":[141],"identifying":[143],"more":[144],"were":[148],"also":[149],"significant":[157],"factors.":[158],"method":[162],"effectively":[164],"identify":[165],"both":[166],"categorical":[167],"numerical":[169],"factors,":[170,195],"directions":[173],"magnitudes":[175],"impacts":[178],"are":[187,205],"all":[188],"reasonable":[189],"explainable.":[191],"Among":[192],"driving":[196],"under":[197],"influence":[199],"drugs,":[201],"alcohol,":[202],"fatigue":[204],"most":[207],"important":[208],"addition,":[219],"exists":[221],"curbs":[223],"medians":[225],"lanes":[227],"shoulders":[229],"sufficient":[231],"width":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
