{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2994835026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22080854","title":"Direct and Indirect Effects\u2014An Information Theoretic Perspective","display_name":"Direct and Indirect Effects\u2014An Information Theoretic Perspective","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2994835026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22080854","mag":"2994835026","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286625"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22080854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22080854","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/8/854/pdf?version=1596604884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/8/854/pdf?version=1596604884","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054462593","display_name":"Gabriel Schamberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4188-9614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Schamberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Picower Institute for Memory and Learning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4188-9614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Picower Institute for Memory and Learning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040120747","display_name":"William E. Chapman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0472-7069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150209017","display_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/04v7hvq31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Chapman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0472-7069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150209017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027462848","display_name":"Shang\u2010Ping Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3676-1325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150209017","display_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/04v7hvq31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shang-Ping Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3676-1325","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150209017"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046582466","display_name":"Todd P. Coleman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-2495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133661","display_name":"La Jolla Bioengineering Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03sgbh608","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133661"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd Coleman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133661"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054462593"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.8051,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78400344,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"8","first_page":"854","last_page":"854"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9473999738693237,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9455999732017517,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identifiability","display_name":"Identifiability","score":0.7125346660614014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.5482375025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5191468596458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.4849958121776581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4808700680732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4801170825958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.44489896297454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34221145510673523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.25148558616638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22819432616233826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.17887729406356812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122770356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1656753","display_name":"Identifiability","level":2,"score":0.7125346660614014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5482375025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5191468596458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.4849958121776581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4808700680732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4801170825958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.44489896297454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34221145510673523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25148558616638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22819432616233826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.17887729406356812}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22080854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22080854","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/8/854/pdf?version=1596604884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33286625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1912.10508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.10508","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.10508","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:ark:/13030/qt08v1192m","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e81a097e0bad48778b5f7b7c417ce5ea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e81a097e0bad48778b5f7b7c417ce5ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 8, p 854 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/127685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt08v1192m","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08v1192m","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), vol 22, iss 8","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/8/854/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22080854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 22; Issue 8; Pages: 854","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7517455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7517455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22080854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22080854","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/8/854/pdf?version=1596604884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1739869781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0939370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1822444392","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AGS-1637450","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1928417072","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 MH110514","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3112872626","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ARO-W911NF-15-1-0479","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333591","funder_display_name":"Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3848742802","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1R01MH110514","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8178006627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1522125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333591","display_name":"Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2994835026.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W563793012","https://openalex.org/W1501375624","https://openalex.org/W1514395077","https://openalex.org/W1580460461","https://openalex.org/W1827461051","https://openalex.org/W1932088538","https://openalex.org/W1973285887","https://openalex.org/W1975572099","https://openalex.org/W1981174195","https://openalex.org/W2000015806","https://openalex.org/W2003066199","https://openalex.org/W2007856058","https://openalex.org/W2009420806","https://openalex.org/W2013567125","https://openalex.org/W2024472792","https://openalex.org/W2030587315","https://openalex.org/W2041782669","https://openalex.org/W2042690971","https://openalex.org/W2050334647","https://openalex.org/W2060841334","https://openalex.org/W2063032535","https://openalex.org/W2066873261","https://openalex.org/W2073054773","https://openalex.org/W2075019768","https://openalex.org/W2076460290","https://openalex.org/W2076580309","https://openalex.org/W2082484220","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2108292794","https://openalex.org/W2108756852","https://openalex.org/W2120889539","https://openalex.org/W2125380779","https://openalex.org/W2125855305","https://openalex.org/W2126728600","https://openalex.org/W2134901991","https://openalex.org/W2140911775","https://openalex.org/W2143117649","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2146152876","https://openalex.org/W2149250320","https://openalex.org/W2152928439","https://openalex.org/W2158219778","https://openalex.org/W2159080219","https://openalex.org/W2167623001","https://openalex.org/W2175723489","https://openalex.org/W2176774719","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W2178377631","https://openalex.org/W2179016901","https://openalex.org/W2193503481","https://openalex.org/W2326570151","https://openalex.org/W2732678859","https://openalex.org/W2768666398","https://openalex.org/W2793466508","https://openalex.org/W2801890059","https://openalex.org/W2805991018","https://openalex.org/W2808510829","https://openalex.org/W2810818298","https://openalex.org/W2908773481","https://openalex.org/W2947000318","https://openalex.org/W2949505632","https://openalex.org/W2970567995","https://openalex.org/W2979179438","https://openalex.org/W3002826521","https://openalex.org/W3020913839","https://openalex.org/W3098445100","https://openalex.org/W3098590676","https://openalex.org/W3103979701","https://openalex.org/W3105461111","https://openalex.org/W3121385028","https://openalex.org/W3140968660","https://openalex.org/W3167612776","https://openalex.org/W6629985540","https://openalex.org/W6634700894","https://openalex.org/W6645727848","https://openalex.org/W6660504773","https://openalex.org/W6681130209"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3215034539","https://openalex.org/W4403292511","https://openalex.org/W2074088684","https://openalex.org/W4313422683","https://openalex.org/W4282978140","https://openalex.org/W2894915327","https://openalex.org/W2161504683","https://openalex.org/W2951813053","https://openalex.org/W4386240783","https://openalex.org/W2888243788"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Information":[0],"theoretic":[1],"(IT)":[2],"approaches":[3],"to":[4,75,120],"quantifying":[5],"causal":[6,28,52,98,113,152],"influences":[7],"have":[8],"experienced":[9],"some":[10],"popularity":[11],"in":[12,15,32,54,108,149,162],"the":[13,61,67,129,146,151,155,163],"literature,":[14],"both":[16],"theoretical":[17],"and":[18,22,38,69,96,131,142],"applied":[19],"(e.g.,":[20],"neuroscience":[21],"climate":[23],"science)":[24],"domains.":[25],"While":[26],"these":[27],"measures":[29,92,102,148],"are":[30,35,44,71,103,116],"desirable":[31],"that":[33,55,109,115],"they":[34,43,56,110],"model":[36],"agnostic":[37],"can":[39],"capture":[40],"non-linear":[41],"interactions,":[42],"fundamentally":[45],"different":[46],"from":[47],"common":[48],"statistical":[49],"notions":[50],"of":[51,66,85,93,123,134,145,154],"influence":[53],"(1)":[57],"compare":[58],"distributions":[59],"over":[60],"effect":[62,68,153],"rather":[63,81],"than":[64,82],"values":[65,84,122],"(2)":[70],"defined":[72,117],"with":[73,118],"respect":[74,119],"random":[76],"variables":[77],"representing":[78],"a":[79,86,124],"cause":[80,125],"specific":[83,121],"cause.":[87],"We":[88,137],"here":[89],"present":[90],"IT":[91,106,135],"direct,":[94],"indirect,":[95],"total":[97],"effects.":[99],"The":[100],"proposed":[101,147],"unlike":[104],"existing":[105],"techniques":[107],"enable":[111],"measuring":[112],"effects":[114],"while":[126],"still":[127],"offering":[128],"flexibility":[130],"general":[132],"applicability":[133],"techniques.":[136],"provide":[138],"an":[139],"identifiability":[140],"result":[141],"demonstrate":[143],"application":[144],"estimating":[150],"El":[156],"Ni\u00f1o-Southern":[157],"Oscillation":[158],"on":[159],"temperature":[160],"anomalies":[161],"North":[164],"American":[165],"Pacific":[166],"Northwest.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
