{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3041453850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22070761","title":"fNIRS Complexity Analysis for the Assessment of Motor Imagery and Mental Arithmetic Tasks","display_name":"fNIRS Complexity Analysis for the Assessment of Motor Imagery and Mental Arithmetic Tasks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3041453850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22070761","mag":"3041453850","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286533"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22070761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22070761","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/7/761/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/7/761/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012117962","display_name":"Ameer Ghouse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2970-8227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1300504238","display_name":"Piaggio (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/00r254y42","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1300504238"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ameer Ghouse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E Piaggio, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy","Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E Piaggio, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1300504238","https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089812005","display_name":"M. Nardelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0453-7465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1300504238","display_name":"Piaggio (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/00r254y42","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1300504238"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mimma Nardelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E Piaggio, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy","Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E Piaggio, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1300504238","https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041459422","display_name":"Gaetano Valenza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6574-1879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1300504238","display_name":"Piaggio (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/00r254y42","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1300504238"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaetano Valenza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E Piaggio, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy","Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6574-1879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E Piaggio, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1300504238","https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012117962"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504","https://openalex.org/I1300504238"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.9234,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77632516,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"761","last_page":"761"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy","display_name":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy","score":0.8648637533187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6972428560256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5036961436271667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4748247563838959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41151174902915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.4024896025657654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.3831135630607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.2116716206073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.19268468022346497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","score":0.12600359320640564}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130796691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750537","display_name":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.8648637533187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6972428560256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5036961436271667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4748247563838959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41151174902915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4024896025657654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3831135630607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2116716206073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.19268468022346497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.12600359320640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22070761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22070761","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/7/761/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33286533","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1066720","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1066720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:681d3daba003475cbfee936aa948c6c6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/681d3daba003475cbfee936aa948c6c6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 7, p 761 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/7/761/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22070761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7517316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7517316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:4323243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/4323243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22070761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22070761","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/7/761/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6976845681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"813234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1862394037","https://openalex.org/W1872858710","https://openalex.org/W1973638771","https://openalex.org/W1979728048","https://openalex.org/W1982366717","https://openalex.org/W1983420402","https://openalex.org/W2002994039","https://openalex.org/W2004995977","https://openalex.org/W2025517929","https://openalex.org/W2037448128","https://openalex.org/W2044257293","https://openalex.org/W2045561515","https://openalex.org/W2047401359","https://openalex.org/W2050196023","https://openalex.org/W2053356496","https://openalex.org/W2059851411","https://openalex.org/W2062240844","https://openalex.org/W2070051876","https://openalex.org/W2077681639","https://openalex.org/W2102915241","https://openalex.org/W2103295960","https://openalex.org/W2113969780","https://openalex.org/W2118183148","https://openalex.org/W2123109024","https://openalex.org/W2123617622","https://openalex.org/W2151393950","https://openalex.org/W2159472025","https://openalex.org/W2164104048","https://openalex.org/W2287784697","https://openalex.org/W2341658315","https://openalex.org/W2499601348","https://openalex.org/W2508285469","https://openalex.org/W2552578398","https://openalex.org/W2582244108","https://openalex.org/W2604381704","https://openalex.org/W2758685953","https://openalex.org/W2790814155","https://openalex.org/W2793820502","https://openalex.org/W2796024800","https://openalex.org/W2807334579","https://openalex.org/W2883803424","https://openalex.org/W2907730701","https://openalex.org/W2909619163","https://openalex.org/W2912760473","https://openalex.org/W2913217704","https://openalex.org/W2947459187","https://openalex.org/W4234182971","https://openalex.org/W6661670011","https://openalex.org/W6744884254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2518226033","https://openalex.org/W2906058118","https://openalex.org/W4376595809","https://openalex.org/W1941903492","https://openalex.org/W2415550604","https://openalex.org/W2913570314","https://openalex.org/W2588627481","https://openalex.org/W2775615127","https://openalex.org/W2966316009","https://openalex.org/W3036033144"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"methods":[1],"for":[2,136],"analyzing":[3],"functional":[4,119],"near-infrared":[5],"spectroscopy":[6],"(fNIRS)":[7],"signals":[8,52,107,151],"primarily":[9],"focus":[10],"on":[11,149],"characterizing":[12],"linear":[13,21,168],"dynamics":[14],"of":[15,71,74,86,91,99,118,139],"the":[16,25,32,69,83,89,97,137,162],"underlying":[17],"metabolic":[18,36],"processes.":[19],"Nevertheless,":[20],"analysis":[22,112,117,148],"may":[23,152],"underrepresent":[24],"true":[26],"physiological":[27],"processes":[28],"that":[29,67,146,158],"fully":[30],"characterizes":[31],"complex":[33,72],"and":[34,108,130,160],"nonlinear":[35],"activity":[37],"sustaining":[38],"brain":[39],"function.":[40],"Although":[41],"there":[42,60],"have":[43],"been":[44],"recent":[45],"attempts":[46],"to":[47,57,63,78,95],"characterize":[48],"nonlinearities":[49],"in":[50,53,76],"fNIRS":[51,75,106,150],"various":[54],"experimental":[55,143],"protocols,":[56],"our":[58],"knowledge":[59],"has":[61],"yet":[62],"be":[64],"a":[65,110,166],"study":[66,93],"evaluates":[68],"utility":[70],"characterizations":[73],"comparison":[77],"standard":[79,114],"methods,":[80],"such":[81],"as":[82],"mean":[84,115],"value":[85],"hemoglobin.":[87],"Thus,":[88],"aim":[90],"this":[92,140],"was":[94],"investigate":[96],"entropy":[98,147],"hemoglobin":[100,116],"concentration":[101],"time":[102],"series":[103],"obtained":[104],"from":[105,124],"perform":[109],"comparitive":[111],"with":[113],"activation.":[120],"Publicly":[121],"available":[122],"data":[123],"29":[125],"subjects":[126],"performing":[127],"motor":[128],"imagery":[129],"mental":[131],"arithmetics":[132],"tasks":[133],"were":[134],"exploited":[135],"purpose":[138],"study.":[141],"The":[142],"results":[144],"show":[145],"potentially":[153],"uncover":[154],"meaningful":[155],"activation":[156],"areas":[157],"enrich":[159],"complement":[161],"set":[163],"identified":[164],"through":[165],"traditional":[167],"analysis.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}