{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3027337940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22050568","title":"A Formal Model for Adaptive Free Choice in Complex Systems","display_name":"A Formal Model for Adaptive Free Choice in Complex Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3027337940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22050568","mag":"3027337940","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286340"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22050568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22050568","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/5/568/pdf?version=1590572747","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/5/568/pdf?version=1590572747","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053741428","display_name":"Ian T. Durham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2054-7551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31649931","display_name":"Saint Anselm College","ror":"https://ror.org/04eybkn52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31649931"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ian Durham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Saint Anselm College, Manchester, NH 03102, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2054-7551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Saint Anselm College, Manchester, NH 03102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31649931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053741428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31649931"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.3282,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53687436,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"568","last_page":"568"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11997","display_name":"Free Will and Agency","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11997","display_name":"Free Will and Agency","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5439692735671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37177255749702454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3450223207473755}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5439692735671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37177255749702454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3450223207473755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22050568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22050568","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/5/568/pdf?version=1590572747","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2011.06670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.06670","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.06670","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmid:33286340","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286340","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b3223b8867c146b1afd3adcd3593ece2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b3223b8867c146b1afd3adcd3593ece2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 5, p 568 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/5/568/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22050568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7517091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7517091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22050568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22050568","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/5/568/pdf?version=1590572747","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7430818881","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FQXi-MGB-1807","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311357","funder_display_name":"Foundational Questions Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8021931298","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FQXi-RFP-IPW-1911","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311357","funder_display_name":"Foundational Questions Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311357","display_name":"Foundational Questions Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016en1t86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1510982323","https://openalex.org/W1616015000","https://openalex.org/W1642558449","https://openalex.org/W1659842140","https://openalex.org/W1848087237","https://openalex.org/W1965342088","https://openalex.org/W1969469858","https://openalex.org/W1997555527","https://openalex.org/W1998154870","https://openalex.org/W2001136156","https://openalex.org/W2025271685","https://openalex.org/W2065502108","https://openalex.org/W2115727295","https://openalex.org/W2120910467","https://openalex.org/W2153196325","https://openalex.org/W2154430688","https://openalex.org/W2493125951","https://openalex.org/W2612506596","https://openalex.org/W2779638853","https://openalex.org/W2786377254","https://openalex.org/W2805068700","https://openalex.org/W2963475243","https://openalex.org/W4230496657","https://openalex.org/W4254587771","https://openalex.org/W6682582996","https://openalex.org/W6748522512"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W2142036596","https://openalex.org/W2072657027"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,88],"article,":[2],"I":[3,47],"develop":[4],"a":[5,26,31,35,40,53,60,67,136],"formal":[6,54],"model":[7,22,50,89,117],"of":[8,56,59,66,76,100,106,130,144],"free":[9,32],"will":[10],"for":[11],"complex":[12],"systems":[13],"based":[14,24,126],"on":[15,25,91,127,141],"emergent":[16,71],"properties":[17,129],"and":[18],"adaptive":[19],"selection.":[20],"The":[21,63,85],"is":[23,34,70,90,112],"process":[27,37],"ontology":[28],"in":[29,87,97],"which":[30],"choice":[33,78,146],"singular":[36,61],"that":[38,124],"takes":[39,135],"system":[41,108],"from":[42,72],"one":[43],"macrostate":[44],"to":[45],"another.":[46],"quantify":[48],"the":[49,57,73,77,83,92,98,104,107,110,131,142,145],"by":[51,82,139],"introducing":[52],"measure":[55],"'freedom'":[58],"choice.":[62],"'free":[64],"will'":[65],"system,":[68],"then,":[69],"aggregate":[74],"freedom":[75],"processes":[79],"carried":[80],"out":[81],"system.":[84,132],"focus":[86],"actual":[93],"choices":[94,111],"themselves":[95],"viewed":[96],"context":[99],"processes.":[101],"That":[102],"is,":[103],"nature":[105],"making":[109],"not":[113,119],"considered.":[114],"Nevertheless,":[115],"my":[116],"does":[118],"necessarily":[120],"conflict":[121],"with":[122],"models":[123],"are":[125],"internal":[128],"Rather":[133],"it":[134],"behavioral":[137],"approach":[138],"focusing":[140],"externalities":[143],"process.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}