{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3021113384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22050518","title":"A Blended Artificial Intelligence Approach for Spectral Classification of Stars in Massive Astronomical Surveys","display_name":"A Blended Artificial Intelligence Approach for Spectral Classification of Stars in Massive Astronomical Surveys","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3021113384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22050518","mag":"3021113384","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22050518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22050518","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/5/518/pdf?version=1590578149","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/5/518/pdf?version=1590578149","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068983875","display_name":"Carlos Dafonte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4693-7555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11019714","display_name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/01qckj285","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Dafonte","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITIC\u2014Department of Computer Science and IT, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4693-7555","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITIC\u2014Department of Computer Science and IT, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101953572","display_name":"Alejandra Rodr\u0131\u0301guez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4118-7823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11019714","display_name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/01qckj285","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandra Rodr\u00edguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITIC\u2014Department of Computer Science and IT, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITIC\u2014Department of Computer Science and IT, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078839532","display_name":"M. Manteiga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7711-5581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11019714","display_name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/01qckj285","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minia Manteiga","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITIC\u2014Department of Navigation and Earth Sciences, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7711-5581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITIC\u2014Department of Navigation and Earth Sciences, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002281875","display_name":"A. G\u00f3mez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3796-3690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11019714","display_name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/01qckj285","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1ngel G\u00f3mez","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITIC\u2014Department of Computer Science and IT, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3796-3690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITIC\u2014Department of Computer Science and IT, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108092795","display_name":"Bernardino Arcay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11019714","display_name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/01qckj285","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernardino Arcay","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITIC\u2014Department of Computer Science and IT, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITIC\u2014Department of Computer Science and IT, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068983875"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.2661,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61017546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"518","last_page":"518"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9362000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14163","display_name":"Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation","score":0.9262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-classification","display_name":"Stellar classification","score":0.722416877746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stars","display_name":"Stars","score":0.6513944864273071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6466225385665894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6349403858184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5631252527236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.5531505346298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminosity","display_name":"Luminosity","score":0.48660528659820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radial-basis-function","display_name":"Radial basis function","score":0.43515104055404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.43185046315193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.41528576612472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38469722867012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrophysics","display_name":"Astrophysics","score":0.28252819180488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21853384375572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy","display_name":"Galaxy","score":0.0853000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.0755879282951355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180690934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25377588","display_name":"Stellar classification","level":3,"score":0.722416877746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.6513944864273071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6466225385665894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6349403858184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5631252527236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.5531505346298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12287442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105902","display_name":"Luminosity","level":3,"score":0.48660528659820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98856871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1588488","display_name":"Radial basis function","level":3,"score":0.43515104055404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.43185046315193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41528576612472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38469722867012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.28252819180488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21853384375572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.0853000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0755879282951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22050518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22050518","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/5/518/pdf?version=1590578149","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33286290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:ruc_________::9513e82326b7f111b50c5683cd8e5e87","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2183/25543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:13f202fc4d6d4902a26b421f03f03c3d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/13f202fc4d6d4902a26b421f03f03c3d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 5, p 518 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/5/518/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22050518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7517012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7517012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22050518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22050518","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/5/518/pdf?version=1590578149","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7530248274","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ED431B 2018/42","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326655","funder_display_name":"Xunta de Galicia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8030591277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018-095076-B-C22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326655","display_name":"Xunta de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/0181xnw06"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7590406","https://openalex.org/W65738273","https://openalex.org/W948088805","https://openalex.org/W1641048654","https://openalex.org/W1658000064","https://openalex.org/W1971191206","https://openalex.org/W1985489953","https://openalex.org/W2006525086","https://openalex.org/W2012056991","https://openalex.org/W2017045895","https://openalex.org/W2021076357","https://openalex.org/W2029204151","https://openalex.org/W2033423226","https://openalex.org/W2039617041","https://openalex.org/W2040936824","https://openalex.org/W2055790897","https://openalex.org/W2061226721","https://openalex.org/W2076121328","https://openalex.org/W2079325629","https://openalex.org/W2081626204","https://openalex.org/W2093776496","https://openalex.org/W2109521785","https://openalex.org/W2116058788","https://openalex.org/W2128097706","https://openalex.org/W2211251945","https://openalex.org/W2488399954","https://openalex.org/W2495294139","https://openalex.org/W2788826274","https://openalex.org/W2900169724","https://openalex.org/W2980886676","https://openalex.org/W2987499710","https://openalex.org/W2992995562","https://openalex.org/W3098972471","https://openalex.org/W3099017512","https://openalex.org/W3099703030","https://openalex.org/W3099977222","https://openalex.org/W3124981888","https://openalex.org/W3166554277","https://openalex.org/W4299493560","https://openalex.org/W6600321805","https://openalex.org/W6636850962"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2184413681","https://openalex.org/W2188891449","https://openalex.org/W2047452157","https://openalex.org/W3012354723","https://openalex.org/W598656303","https://openalex.org/W1621930455","https://openalex.org/W2095961260","https://openalex.org/W3010001155","https://openalex.org/W1979096643","https://openalex.org/W2000718094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,148],"paper":[1],"analyzes":[2],"and":[3,7,45,61,87,109,131,136],"compares":[4],"the":[5,16,21,48,58,62,66,104,120,126,133,140,144,153,169,174,178,194],"sensitivity":[6],"suitability":[8],"of":[9,23,33,50,94,101,106,139,155,168],"several":[10],"artificial":[11,89],"intelligence":[12],"techniques":[13],"applied":[14],"to":[15,41,143,193],"Morgan-Keenan":[17],"(MK)":[18],"system":[19,27,117],"for":[20,184],"classification":[22,77,176,196],"stars.":[24],"The":[25],"MK":[26,145],"is":[28,103],"based":[29],"on":[30],"a":[31,114,190],"sequence":[32],"spectral":[34,129,134],"prototypes":[35],"that":[36,118],"allows":[37],"classifying":[38],"stars":[39,141],"according":[40,142],"their":[42,51],"effective":[43],"temperature":[44],"luminosity":[46,137],"through":[47],"study":[49],"optical":[52],"stellar":[53,76],"spectra.":[54],"Here,":[55],"we":[56,112],"include":[57],"method":[59],"description":[60],"results":[63],"achieved":[64],"by":[65],"different":[67],"intelligent":[68,122],"models":[69],"developed":[70],"thus":[71],"far":[72],"in":[73,98,158,162],"our":[74],"ongoing":[75],"project:":[78],"fuzzy":[79],"knowledge-based":[80],"systems,":[81],"backpropagation,":[82],"radial":[83],"basis":[84],"function":[85],"(RBF)":[86],"Kohonen":[88],"neural":[90],"networks.":[91],"Since":[92],"one":[93],"today's":[95],"major":[96],"challenges":[97],"this":[99,159],"area":[100],"astrophysics":[102],"exploitation":[105],"large":[107],"terrestrial":[108],"space":[110],"databases,":[111],"propose":[113],"final":[115,175],"hybrid":[116,149],"integrates":[119],"best":[121],"techniques,":[123],"automatically":[124],"collects":[125],"most":[127,179],"important":[128],"features,":[130],"determines":[132],"type":[135],"level":[138],"standard":[146],"system.":[147],"approach":[150],"truly":[151],"emulates":[152],"behavior":[154],"human":[156],"experts":[157],"area,":[160],"resulting":[161],"higher":[163],"success":[164],"rates":[165],"than":[166],"any":[167],"individual":[170,186],"implemented":[171],"techniques.":[172],"In":[173],"system,":[177],"suitable":[180],"methods":[181],"are":[182],"selected":[183],"each":[185],"spectrum,":[187],"which":[188],"implies":[189],"remarkable":[191],"contribution":[192],"automatic":[195],"process.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}