{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016803106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22040442","title":"A Combination Prediction Model of Long-Term Ionospheric foF2 Based on Entropy Weight Method","display_name":"A Combination Prediction Model of Long-Term Ionospheric foF2 Based on Entropy Weight Method","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016803106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22040442","mag":"3016803106","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286216"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22040442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22040442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/4/442/pdf?version=1586857831","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/4/442/pdf?version=1586857831","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046246399","display_name":"Hongmei Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-0327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135888","display_name":"Hulunbuir University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vx41k98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongmei Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hulunbuir College, Hulunbuir 021008, China","School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hulunbuir College, Hulunbuir 021008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135888"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028975396","display_name":"Feng Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3569-8782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3569-8782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002847404","display_name":"Jian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4361-8946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China","School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4361-8946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016815082","display_name":"Taosuo Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5743-0760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taosuo Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5743-0760","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028975396"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.9275,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90490875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"442","last_page":"442"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.6562102437019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.6204105019569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.510118305683136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4476795792579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.4134477972984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.343655526638031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3388407230377197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.3349524140357971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.32460224628448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17445683479309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.14555054903030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.12257170677185059}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.6562102437019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.6204105019569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.510118305683136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4476795792579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.4134477972984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.343655526638031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3388407230377197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3349524140357971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.32460224628448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17445683479309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.14555054903030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.12257170677185059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22040442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22040442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/4/442/pdf?version=1586857831","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33286216","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8194f8441bc34a8f8ad77870c068eb5a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8194f8441bc34a8f8ad77870c068eb5a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 4, p 442 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/4/442/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7516911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7516911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22040442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22040442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/4/442/pdf?version=1586857831","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G162197902","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QNLM2016ORP0411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326721","funder_display_name":"Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1727181145","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61504092","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326721","display_name":"Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3016803106.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3016803106.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179213921","https://openalex.org/W307329389","https://openalex.org/W1562254277","https://openalex.org/W1616020192","https://openalex.org/W1649810948","https://openalex.org/W1894803246","https://openalex.org/W1977469499","https://openalex.org/W1981050538","https://openalex.org/W1986964719","https://openalex.org/W1990008438","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2002442300","https://openalex.org/W2003112503","https://openalex.org/W2006543715","https://openalex.org/W2017446876","https://openalex.org/W2029456400","https://openalex.org/W2051669772","https://openalex.org/W2056597627","https://openalex.org/W2064587707","https://openalex.org/W2081932370","https://openalex.org/W2088964349","https://openalex.org/W2104114592","https://openalex.org/W2136709879","https://openalex.org/W2168987504","https://openalex.org/W2171248952","https://openalex.org/W2578165969","https://openalex.org/W2588308723","https://openalex.org/W2605279352","https://openalex.org/W2610521338","https://openalex.org/W2754924584","https://openalex.org/W2757303752","https://openalex.org/W2895230418","https://openalex.org/W2899114538","https://openalex.org/W2950783372","https://openalex.org/W2954835232","https://openalex.org/W2964738347","https://openalex.org/W2974973961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2354177919","https://openalex.org/W2033398951","https://openalex.org/W2063188081","https://openalex.org/W2070062488","https://openalex.org/W1501974031","https://openalex.org/W1664443510","https://openalex.org/W2103316155","https://openalex.org/W2180033908"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,60,96,113,192,203,217,228],"critically":[2],"meaningful":[3],"to":[4,32,86],"accurately":[5],"predict":[6],"the":[7,17,28,34,58,64,70,73,77,88,105,110,115,124,126,133,139,142,149,184,195,206,209,220,235,248,254,259],"ionospheric":[8],"F2":[9],"layer":[10],"critical":[11],"frequency":[12],"(foF2),":[13],"which":[14,101],"greatly":[15],"limits":[16],"efficiency":[18],"of":[19,53,72,84,132,241,247],"communications,":[20],"radar,":[21],"and":[22,99,109,120,148,172,178,182,190,194,201,215,219,226,243,250,257],"navigation":[23],"systems.":[24],"This":[25],"paper":[26],"introduced":[27],"entropy":[29,65],"weight":[30,51,66],"method":[31,67,89],"develop":[33],"combination":[35],"prediction":[36,231,242],"model":[37,56,75],"(CPM)":[38],"for":[39],"long-term":[40],"foF2":[41,137],"at":[42],"Darwin":[43],"(12.4\u00b0":[44],"S,":[45],"131.5\u00b0":[46],"E)":[47],"in":[48,57,76,91,104,174],"Australia.":[49],"The":[50,157,230],"coefficient":[52],"each":[54],"individual":[55,74],"CPM":[59,164,189,200,214,225,237],"determined":[61],"by":[62],"using":[63],"after":[68],"completing":[69],"simulation":[71],"calibration":[78,106,116,207,255,260],"period.":[79,261],"We":[80],"analyzed":[81],"two":[82],"sets":[83],"data":[85],"validate":[87],"used":[90],"this":[92],"study:":[93],"One":[94],"set":[95,112],"from":[97,163,170],"2000":[98,181],"2009,":[100,177,183],"are":[102,155],"included":[103],"period":[107,256],"(1998-2016),":[108],"other":[111],"outside":[114,258],"cycle":[117],"(from":[118],"1997":[119],"2017).":[121],"To":[122],"examine":[123],"performance,":[125],"root":[127],"mean":[128],"square":[129],"error":[130],"(RMSE)":[131],"observed":[134],"monthly":[135],"median":[136],"value,":[138],"proposed":[140,236],"CPM,":[141],"Union":[143],"Radio":[144,151],"Scientifique":[145],"Internationale":[146],"(URSI),":[147],"International":[150],"Consultative":[152],"Committee":[153],"(CCIR)":[154],"compared.":[156],"yearly":[158],"RMSE":[159],"average":[160,185,196,210,221],"values":[161],"calculated":[162,169],"were":[165],"less":[166],"than":[167,245],"those":[168],"URSI":[171,191,216,249],"CCIR":[173,202,227],"1997,":[175],"2000,":[176],"2017.":[179],"In":[180],"percentage":[186,197,211,222],"improvement":[187,198,212,223],"between":[188,199,213,224],"9.01%,":[193],"13.04%.":[204],"Beyond":[205],"period,":[208],"13.2%,":[218],"12.6%.":[229],"results":[232],"demonstrated":[233],"that":[234,246],"has":[238],"higher":[239],"precision":[240],"stability":[244],"CCIR,":[251],"both":[252],"within":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
