{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005782551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22020226","title":"Leveraging Blockchain Technology for Secure Energy Trading and Least-Cost Evaluation of Decentralized Contributions to Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa","display_name":"Leveraging Blockchain Technology for Secure Energy Trading and Least-Cost Evaluation of Decentralized Contributions to Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005782551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22020226","mag":"3005782551","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286000"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22020226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22020226","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/2/226/pdf?version=1582972745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/2/226/pdf?version=1582972745","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101611321","display_name":"Omaji Samuel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0620-8828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omaji Samuel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0620-8828","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089600920","display_name":"Ahmad Almogren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-9709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Almogren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11633, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-9709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11633, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044437776","display_name":"Atia Javaid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atia Javaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001185870","display_name":"Mansour Zuair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2490-5739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mansour Zuair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2490-5739","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085930666","display_name":"Ibrar Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5415-9872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrar Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Bannu 28100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5415-9872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Bannu 28100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055380996","display_name":"Nadeem Javaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-8249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadeem Javaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-8249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089600920"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.6009,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90011611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"226","last_page":"226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11336","display_name":"Energy and Environment Impacts","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8992748260498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrification","display_name":"Electrification","score":0.8839969635009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-electrification","display_name":"Rural electrification","score":0.6025269031524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.5608972907066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-security","display_name":"Energy security","score":0.5146642327308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5066547989845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-resource-economics","display_name":"Natural resource economics","score":0.38566815853118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3519766330718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3402627110481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.2800203561782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.2387361228466034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13446715474128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.11860731244087219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10157778859138489}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8992748260498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778324724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076056","display_name":"Electrification","level":3,"score":0.8839969635009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778970885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3587607","display_name":"Rural electrification","level":4,"score":0.6025269031524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.5608972907066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777172336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2700433","display_name":"Energy security","level":3,"score":0.5146642327308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5066547989845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.38566815853118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3519766330718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3402627110481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.2800203561782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2387361228466034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13446715474128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.11860731244087219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10157778859138489}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22020226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22020226","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/2/226/pdf?version=1582972745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33286000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33286000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:80f26696b37949e9a86b3815d0ef98d4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/80f26696b37949e9a86b3815d0ef98d4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 2, p 226 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/2/226/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22020226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7516657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7516657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22020226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22020226","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/2/226/pdf?version=1582972745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G556452924","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP-1437-35","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8778348983","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1437-35","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005782551.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005782551.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486460655","https://openalex.org/W1965195954","https://openalex.org/W1995257826","https://openalex.org/W2001063488","https://openalex.org/W2021682622","https://openalex.org/W2051498760","https://openalex.org/W2060797224","https://openalex.org/W2298463184","https://openalex.org/W2473265683","https://openalex.org/W2560978169","https://openalex.org/W2608926820","https://openalex.org/W2629433172","https://openalex.org/W2737282400","https://openalex.org/W2754157234","https://openalex.org/W2754170931","https://openalex.org/W2766555291","https://openalex.org/W2783155002","https://openalex.org/W2784351735","https://openalex.org/W2786215208","https://openalex.org/W2790478519","https://openalex.org/W2791029640","https://openalex.org/W2793859162","https://openalex.org/W2793926897","https://openalex.org/W2793999592","https://openalex.org/W2796038989","https://openalex.org/W2797816609","https://openalex.org/W2799186251","https://openalex.org/W2802857549","https://openalex.org/W2803741747","https://openalex.org/W2805939276","https://openalex.org/W2810593442","https://openalex.org/W2825246444","https://openalex.org/W2889322318","https://openalex.org/W2889619153","https://openalex.org/W2897055764","https://openalex.org/W2897091017","https://openalex.org/W2907011345","https://openalex.org/W2921445803","https://openalex.org/W2922469213","https://openalex.org/W2939619702","https://openalex.org/W2944854501","https://openalex.org/W2945918170","https://openalex.org/W2950900403","https://openalex.org/W2955539113","https://openalex.org/W2962964670","https://openalex.org/W2964573740","https://openalex.org/W2970687220","https://openalex.org/W2996405275","https://openalex.org/W2998192614","https://openalex.org/W2999044410","https://openalex.org/W3010556515","https://openalex.org/W3010637110","https://openalex.org/W3088174180","https://openalex.org/W4231963363","https://openalex.org/W6663461431","https://openalex.org/W6761127776"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515358357","https://openalex.org/W1997940747","https://openalex.org/W2223905614","https://openalex.org/W2073617907","https://openalex.org/W1991679852","https://openalex.org/W2272037800","https://openalex.org/W3124472401","https://openalex.org/W3016137829","https://openalex.org/W2734405760","https://openalex.org/W1553714514"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,193,338],"International":[1],"Energy":[2],"Agency":[3],"has":[4],"projected":[5],"that":[6,33,52,62,112,247,303],"the":[7,45,49,162,189,211,224,244,249,267,270,274,335,361],"total":[8],"energy":[9,98,116,120,131,147,176,199,219,239,252,280,325],"demand":[10],"for":[11,218,307,330,334],"electricity":[12,40,53],"in":[13,41,82,185,360],"sub-Saharan":[14],"Africa":[15],"(SSA)":[16],"is":[17,60,78,85,125,241],"expected":[18],"to":[19,29,57,71,114,150,209,265,353],"rise":[20],"by":[21,156,327],"an":[22,79,86,345,357],"average":[23,346],"of":[24,48,134,164,191,213,226,238,251,269,283,291,347,356],"4%":[25],"per":[26],"year":[27],"up":[28],"2040.":[30],"It":[31],"implies":[32],"~620":[34],"million":[35],"people":[36],"are":[37,67,263,304],"living":[38],"without":[39],"SSA.":[42,83,174],"Going":[43],"with":[44,278],"2030":[46],"vision":[47],"United":[50],"Nations":[51],"should":[54],"be":[55],"accessible":[56],"all,":[58],"it":[59,103],"important":[61],"new":[63],"technology":[64,81],"and":[65,100,109,118,137,153,166,170,178,206,230,259,273,286,299,320,332],"methods":[66],"provided.":[68],"In":[69],"comparison":[70],"other":[72,310],"nations":[73],"worldwide,":[74],"smart":[75,107,110],"grid":[76],"(SG)":[77],"emerging":[80],"SG":[84,124],"information":[87],"technology-enhanced":[88],"power":[89],"grid,":[90],"which":[91,202],"provides":[92],"a":[93,144,197,317],"two-way":[94],"communication":[95],"network":[96],"between":[97],"producers":[99],"customers.":[101],"Also,":[102],"includes":[104,203],"renewable":[105],"energy,":[106],"meters,":[108],"devices":[111],"help":[113],"manage":[115],"demands":[117],"reduce":[119],"generation":[121,165,255,281],"costs.":[122],"However,":[123],"facing":[126],"inherent":[127],"difficulties,":[128],"such":[129,187],"as":[130,188,243,351],"theft,":[132],"lack":[133],"trust,":[135],"security,":[136],"privacy":[138],"issues.":[139],"Therefore,":[140],"this":[141],"paper":[142,194],"proposes":[143],"blockchain-based":[145,198],"decentralized":[146,285],"system":[148,359],"(BDES)":[149],"accelerate":[151],"rural":[152],"urban":[154],"electrification":[155],"improving":[157],"service":[158,231,316],"delivery":[159],"while":[160],"minimizing":[161],"cost":[163,237,256,282],"addressing":[167],"historical":[168],"antipathy":[169],"cybersecurity":[171],"risk":[172],"within":[173],"Additionally,":[175,322],"insufficiency":[177],"fixed":[179],"pricing":[180],"schemes":[181],"may":[182],"raise":[183],"concerns":[184],"SG,":[186],"imbalance":[190,212],"order.":[192,214],"also":[195],"introduces":[196],"trading":[200],"system,":[201],"price":[204],"negotiation":[205],"incentive":[207],"mechanisms":[208],"address":[210],"Moreover,":[215],"existing":[216,358],"models":[217],"planning":[220],"do":[221],"not":[222],"consider":[223],"effect":[225],"fill":[227],"rate":[228],"(FR)":[229],"level":[232],"(SL).":[233],"A":[234],"blockchain":[235],"levelized":[236],"(BLCOE)":[240],"proposed":[242,271],"least-cost":[245,275],"solution":[246],"measures":[248],"impact":[250],"reliability":[253],"on":[254,344],"using":[257],"FR":[258],"SL.":[260],"Simulation":[261],"results":[262],"presented":[264],"show":[266],"performance":[268],"model":[272],"option":[276],"varies":[277,341],"relative":[279],"centralized,":[284],"BDES":[287,313],"infrastructure.":[288],"Case":[289],"studies":[290],"Burkina":[292],"Faso,":[293],"Cote":[294],"d'Ivoire,":[295],"Gambia,":[296],"Liberia,":[297],"Mali,":[298],"Senegal":[300],"illustrate":[301],"situations":[302],"more":[305],"suitable":[306],"BDES.":[308],"For":[309],"SSA":[311,343],"countries,":[312],"can":[314],"cost-effectively":[315],"large":[318],"population":[319],"regions.":[321],"BLCOE":[323,340],"reduces":[324],"costs":[326],"approximately":[328],"95%":[329],"battery":[331],"75%":[333],"solar":[336],"modules.":[337],"future":[339],"across":[342],"about":[348],"0.049":[349],"$/kWh":[350,355],"compared":[352],"0.15":[354],"literature.":[362]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
