{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999269065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010113","title":"Entropy-Based Effect Evaluation of Delineators in Tunnels on Drivers\u2019 Gaze Behavior","display_name":"Entropy-Based Effect Evaluation of Delineators in Tunnels on Drivers\u2019 Gaze Behavior","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999269065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010113","mag":"2999269065","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33285888"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22010113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/1/113/pdf?version=1579256190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/1/113/pdf?version=1579256190","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110728392","display_name":"Xueyan Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xueyan Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transportation Technology Building, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","Transportation Technology Building, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3259-1269","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Technology Building, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Technology Building, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004951100","display_name":"Yang Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3259-1269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transportation Technology Building, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","Transportation Technology Building, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Technology Building, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Technology Building, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103885661","display_name":"Shaowei Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaowei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transportation Technology Building, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","Transportation Technology Building, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Technology Building, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transportation Technology Building, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100783074","display_name":"Yu Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3315-5581"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest Branch of China Airport Construction Group Corporation, Xi\u2019an 710075, China","Northwest Branch of China Airport Construction Group Corporation, Xi'an 710075, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Branch of China Airport Construction Group Corporation, Xi\u2019an 710075, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Branch of China Airport Construction Group Corporation, Xi'an 710075, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110728392"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":1.0889,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73893428,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"113","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.6200594305992126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5471658706665039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.505763053894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3563280999660492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34793901443481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34736910462379456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3402768671512604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22636818885803223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.17588603496551514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.6200594305992126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5471658706665039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.505763053894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3563280999660492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34793901443481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34736910462379456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3402768671512604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22636818885803223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.17588603496551514}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22010113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/1/113/pdf?version=1579256190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33285888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33285888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9471997e22f245719a856eab8eab12e4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9471997e22f245719a856eab8eab12e4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 1, p 113 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/1/113/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22010113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7516415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7516415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22010113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/1/113/pdf?version=1579256190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5239383984","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.201506560015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116278252","https://openalex.org/W378705461","https://openalex.org/W1845947734","https://openalex.org/W1976695126","https://openalex.org/W1987691797","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2010387779","https://openalex.org/W2011113018","https://openalex.org/W2024163074","https://openalex.org/W2027151471","https://openalex.org/W2029157639","https://openalex.org/W2041775463","https://openalex.org/W2074411627","https://openalex.org/W2101361215","https://openalex.org/W2109864487","https://openalex.org/W2124575170","https://openalex.org/W2125696286","https://openalex.org/W2144073393","https://openalex.org/W2151837596","https://openalex.org/W2251324750","https://openalex.org/W2274877109","https://openalex.org/W2301020592","https://openalex.org/W2312937537","https://openalex.org/W2405852675","https://openalex.org/W2422936265","https://openalex.org/W2569801160","https://openalex.org/W2587124275","https://openalex.org/W2791310240","https://openalex.org/W2905459027","https://openalex.org/W2923207810","https://openalex.org/W2941898095","https://openalex.org/W2947436164","https://openalex.org/W2968768281","https://openalex.org/W4235646468","https://openalex.org/W6681124456","https://openalex.org/W6694696478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W1563178652","https://openalex.org/W2947492009","https://openalex.org/W2180033908"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driving":[0],"safety":[1],"in":[2,23,47,62,110,119,134,186],"tunnels":[3,24,120,135,140],"has":[4],"always":[5],"been":[6],"an":[7],"issue":[8],"of":[9,19,64,79,89,106],"great":[10],"concern.":[11],"Establishing":[12],"delineators":[13,38,118,144],"to":[14,51],"improve":[15],"drivers'":[16,40,69,123,167],"instantaneous":[17],"cognition":[18],"the":[20,80,87,130,148,187],"surrounding":[21],"environment":[22],"can":[25,121,164],"effectively":[26],"enhance":[27],"driver":[28],"safety.":[29],"Through":[30],"a":[31,151],"simulation":[32],"study,":[33],"this":[34,84,111],"paper":[35,85],"explored":[36],"how":[37],"affect":[39],"gaze":[41],"behavior":[42],"(including":[43],"fixation":[44,57,60],"and":[45,59,75,99,125,145,157,174,182],"scanpath)":[46],"tunnels.":[48],"In":[49],"addition":[50],"analyzing":[52],"typical":[53],"parameters,":[54],"such":[55],"as":[56,72],"position":[58],"duration":[61],"areas":[63],"interest":[65],"(AOIs),":[66],"by":[67],"modeling":[68],"switching":[70,91],"process":[71],"Markov":[73,82],"chains":[74],"calculating":[76],"Shannon's":[77],"entropy":[78,154,159],"fit":[81],"model,":[83],"quantified":[86],"complexity":[88],"individual":[90],"patterns":[92],"between":[93],"AOIs":[94],"under":[95],"different":[96,101],"delineator":[97],"configurations":[98],"with":[100,137,141,171],"road":[102],"alignments.":[103],"A":[104],"total":[105],"25":[107],"subjects":[108],"participated":[109],"research.":[112],"The":[113],"results":[114],"show":[115],"that":[116],"setting":[117],"attract":[122],"attention":[124],"make":[126],"them":[127],"focus":[128],"on":[129],"pavement.":[131],"When":[132],"driving":[133],"equipped":[136],"delineators,":[138,147],"especially":[139],"both":[142],"wall":[143],"pavement":[146],"participants":[149,177],"exhibited":[150],"smaller":[152],"transition":[153],"H":[155,160,180,183],"t":[156,181],"stationary":[158],"s":[161,184],",":[162],"which":[163],"greatly":[165],"reduce":[166],"visual":[168],"fatigue.":[169],"Compared":[170],"left":[172],"curve":[173],"right":[175],"curve,":[176],"obtained":[178],"higher":[179],"values":[185],"straight":[188],"section.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
