{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999870007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010112","title":"Fast and Efficient Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Modular Addition and SPD","display_name":"Fast and Efficient Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Modular Addition and SPD","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999870007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010112","mag":"2999870007","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33285886"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22010112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/1/112/pdf?version=1579601158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/1/112/pdf?version=1579601158","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066309642","display_name":"Khushbu Khalid Butt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khushbu Khalid Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112499367","display_name":"Guohui Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guohui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079741865","display_name":"Sajid Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7027-024X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajid Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7027-024X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084526174","display_name":"Sohaib Manzoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9880-6090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sohaib Manzoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9880-6090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112499367"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.7667,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72804368,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"112","last_page":"112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9771999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7906975150108337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6328848600387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.6184496879577637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scrambling","display_name":"Scrambling","score":0.6136392951011658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.591503381729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permutation","display_name":"Permutation (music)","score":0.5901563167572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5771113634109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-plane","display_name":"Bit plane","score":0.42974111437797546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.41251468658447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3739224672317505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34235119819641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3349931836128235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2876116931438446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-field","display_name":"Bit field","score":0.24241730570793152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7906975150108337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6328848600387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.6184496879577637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182548165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2261483","display_name":"Scrambling","level":2,"score":0.6136392951011658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.591503381729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5901563167572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5771113634109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56056324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878866","display_name":"Bit plane","level":4,"score":0.42974111437797546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.41251468658447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3739224672317505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34235119819641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3349931836128235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2876116931438446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183383400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374485","display_name":"Bit field","level":3,"score":0.24241730570793152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25197100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q890886","display_name":"Drilling","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22010112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/1/112/pdf?version=1579601158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33285886","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33285886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f52981abaaf94d1793ff2f8c90de88f5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f52981abaaf94d1793ff2f8c90de88f5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 1, p 112 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/1/112/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22010112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7516419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7516419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22010112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/1/112/pdf?version=1579601158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8470915744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61572215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309617","funder_display_name":"National Foundation for Science and Technology Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309617","display_name":"National Foundation for Science and Technology Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04rw64z44"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W844411675","https://openalex.org/W1134248015","https://openalex.org/W1515141981","https://openalex.org/W1691160859","https://openalex.org/W1750292977","https://openalex.org/W1787484557","https://openalex.org/W1918016542","https://openalex.org/W1966371408","https://openalex.org/W1968703490","https://openalex.org/W1971205388","https://openalex.org/W1973782209","https://openalex.org/W1973836648","https://openalex.org/W1982555755","https://openalex.org/W1990744446","https://openalex.org/W1991507346","https://openalex.org/W1993294505","https://openalex.org/W1998706302","https://openalex.org/W2007727229","https://openalex.org/W2008916607","https://openalex.org/W2010065947","https://openalex.org/W2010668061","https://openalex.org/W2010885591","https://openalex.org/W2013503531","https://openalex.org/W2018248247","https://openalex.org/W2018839322","https://openalex.org/W2020039621","https://openalex.org/W2026793218","https://openalex.org/W2032820503","https://openalex.org/W2039107071","https://openalex.org/W2047919080","https://openalex.org/W2052785775","https://openalex.org/W2060791695","https://openalex.org/W2063693948","https://openalex.org/W2064795867","https://openalex.org/W2066705753","https://openalex.org/W2067800561","https://openalex.org/W2068684969","https://openalex.org/W2072741528","https://openalex.org/W2079174845","https://openalex.org/W2081388274","https://openalex.org/W2085013851","https://openalex.org/W2092384195","https://openalex.org/W2094449439","https://openalex.org/W2099221163","https://openalex.org/W2105145864","https://openalex.org/W2125199501","https://openalex.org/W2128712230","https://openalex.org/W2211874113","https://openalex.org/W2239443241","https://openalex.org/W2323473128","https://openalex.org/W2507521523","https://openalex.org/W2512333350","https://openalex.org/W2541132765","https://openalex.org/W2547085574","https://openalex.org/W2547857037","https://openalex.org/W2562860847","https://openalex.org/W2564046431","https://openalex.org/W2604466980","https://openalex.org/W2607058045","https://openalex.org/W2624920640","https://openalex.org/W2625929324","https://openalex.org/W2741142977","https://openalex.org/W2742440882","https://openalex.org/W2760967785","https://openalex.org/W2778741216","https://openalex.org/W2790033804","https://openalex.org/W2790755211","https://openalex.org/W2793838519","https://openalex.org/W2794294462","https://openalex.org/W2907270755","https://openalex.org/W2913314515","https://openalex.org/W2948189594","https://openalex.org/W2955548329","https://openalex.org/W2988754493","https://openalex.org/W3099892037","https://openalex.org/W4252343056","https://openalex.org/W6725338507","https://openalex.org/W6736178538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W69312893","https://openalex.org/W2154499024","https://openalex.org/W2352936345","https://openalex.org/W2140124767","https://openalex.org/W1164047145","https://openalex.org/W2370160542","https://openalex.org/W2353350596","https://openalex.org/W2060250262","https://openalex.org/W2361259048","https://openalex.org/W2381997907"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bit-level":[0,42],"and":[1,19,39,93,152,180],"pixel-level":[2,23],"methods":[3,25],"are":[4,57,118,146],"two":[5],"classifications":[6],"for":[7,36,98],"image":[8,85,161],"encryption,":[9],"which":[10,66,88],"describe":[11],"the":[12,28,37,47,51,54,99,114,123,132,136,156,159],"smallest":[13],"processing":[14],"elements":[15],"manipulated":[16],"in":[17,33,148,168],"diffusion":[18,96],"permutation":[20,24,43,76],"respectively.":[21],"Most":[22],"merely":[26],"alter":[27],"positions":[29],"of":[30,53,74,101,113,128,140,158],"pixels,":[31],"resulting":[32],"similar":[34],"histograms":[35],"original":[38],"permuted":[40],"images.":[41,133],"methods,":[44],"however,":[45],"have":[46],"ability":[48],"to":[49,62,69,130],"change":[50],"histogram":[52],"image,":[55,104],"but":[56],"usually":[58],"not":[59],"preferred":[60],"due":[61],"their":[63],"time-consuming":[64],"nature,":[65],"is":[67],"owed":[68],"bit-level":[70],"computation,":[71],"unlike":[72],"that":[73],"other":[75,153],"techniques.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79,149],"paper,":[80],"we":[81],"introduce":[82],"a":[83,102,107],"new":[84],"encryption":[86,138,162],"algorithm":[87,163],"uses":[89],"binary":[90],"bit-plane":[91],"scrambling":[92],"an":[94],"SPD":[95],"technique":[97],"bit-planes":[100],"plain":[103,173],"based":[105],"on":[106],"card":[108],"game":[109],"trick.":[110],"Integer":[111],"values":[112],"hexadecimal":[115],"key":[116],"SHA-512":[117],"also":[119],"used,":[120],"along":[121],"with":[122],"adaptive":[124],"block-based":[125],"modular":[126],"addition":[127],"pixels":[129],"encrypt":[131],"To":[134],"prove":[135],"first-rate":[137],"performance":[139],"our":[141],"proposed":[142,160],"algorithm,":[143],"security":[144],"analyses":[145],"provided":[147],"paper.":[150],"Simulations":[151],"results":[154],"confirmed":[155],"robustness":[157],"against":[164],"many":[165],"well-known":[166],"attacks;":[167],"particular,":[169],"brute-force":[170],"attacks,":[171,175,177,179,184],"known/chosen":[172],"text":[174],"occlusion":[176],"differential":[178],"gray":[181],"value":[182],"difference":[183],"among":[185],"others.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
