{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998633970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010073","title":"An Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Random Hamiltonian Path","display_name":"An Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Random Hamiltonian Path","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998633970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010073","mag":"2998633970","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33285848"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22010073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/1/73/pdf?version=1578310927","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/1/73/pdf?version=1578310927","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101750900","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3442-7697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software College, Northeastern University, No.11, Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software College, Northeastern University, No.11, Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043544660","display_name":"Wang Shu-wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuwen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software College, Northeastern University, No.11, Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software College, Northeastern University, No.11, Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038001778","display_name":"Weijie Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2265-0165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijie Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software College, Northeastern University, No.11, Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software College, Northeastern University, No.11, Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080895253","display_name":"Hai Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8024-1781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software College, Northeastern University, No.11, Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software College, Northeastern University, No.11, Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101745826","display_name":"Zhiliang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7595-4720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiliang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software College, Northeastern University, No.11, Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software College, Northeastern University, No.11, Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043544660"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":1.4435,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81659102,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"73","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7567606568336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7437713146209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamiltonian-path","display_name":"Hamiltonian path","score":0.6645424365997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.650324821472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6083468794822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamiltonian","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","score":0.576873242855072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamiltonian-path-problem","display_name":"Hamiltonian path problem","score":0.5678895711898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5442904829978943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.517892599105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertex","display_name":"Vertex (graph theory)","score":0.4820464551448822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shortest-path-problem","display_name":"Shortest path problem","score":0.41918349266052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4036823511123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3573874831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.34628263115882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.2590414583683014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21269160509109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.1466127634048462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07896155118942261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7567606568336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7437713146209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86524685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273037","display_name":"Hamiltonian path","level":3,"score":0.6645424365997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.650324821472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6083468794822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130787639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645293","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","level":2,"score":0.576873242855072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104737047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q987652","display_name":"Hamiltonian path problem","level":4,"score":0.5678895711898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5442904829978943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.517892599105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80899671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1304193","display_name":"Vertex (graph theory)","level":3,"score":0.4820464551448822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22590252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058754","display_name":"Shortest path problem","level":3,"score":0.41918349266052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4036823511123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3573874831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.34628263115882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2590414583683014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21269160509109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.1466127634048462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07896155118942261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22010073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/1/73/pdf?version=1578310927","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33285848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33285848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:849c2c0ce5974faa8b880bc85faf2469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/849c2c0ce5974faa8b880bc85faf2469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 22, Iss 1, p 73 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/22/1/73/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22010073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 22; Issue 1; Pages: 73","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7516506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7516506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e22010073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/1/73/pdf?version=1578310927","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2676676834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N171704004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391480936","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61402092","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4772004818","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61603182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5905200325","display_name":"Web\u670d\u52a1\u5173\u7cfb\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61374178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7491521029","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61374178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8481654190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N171704004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998633970.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998633970.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1444758700","https://openalex.org/W1587375945","https://openalex.org/W1913074635","https://openalex.org/W1965761788","https://openalex.org/W1975129671","https://openalex.org/W1975587904","https://openalex.org/W1982555755","https://openalex.org/W2002451382","https://openalex.org/W2004708907","https://openalex.org/W2007742500","https://openalex.org/W2007844764","https://openalex.org/W2051608170","https://openalex.org/W2054643041","https://openalex.org/W2062086221","https://openalex.org/W2074710925","https://openalex.org/W2080928162","https://openalex.org/W2081798814","https://openalex.org/W2085013851","https://openalex.org/W2092886131","https://openalex.org/W2105145864","https://openalex.org/W2147697786","https://openalex.org/W2166612397","https://openalex.org/W2180872695","https://openalex.org/W2425286230","https://openalex.org/W2592206357","https://openalex.org/W2750693009","https://openalex.org/W2790033804","https://openalex.org/W2790843571","https://openalex.org/W2791035318","https://openalex.org/W2900330098","https://openalex.org/W2945443413","https://openalex.org/W2955548329","https://openalex.org/W2964214194","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6717539790","https://openalex.org/W6765848145"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387272283","https://openalex.org/W4299647289","https://openalex.org/W1618127724","https://openalex.org/W2155631825","https://openalex.org/W2952856011","https://openalex.org/W2011032737","https://openalex.org/W2078431586","https://openalex.org/W2069133957","https://openalex.org/W140019436","https://openalex.org/W4243020994"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,15,109],"graph":[1],"theory,":[2],"Hamiltonian":[3,25,43,77],"path":[4,8,26,44],"refers":[5],"to":[6,22,33],"the":[7,50,53,64,72,75,103],"that":[9,102],"visits":[10],"each":[11],"vertex":[12],"exactly":[13],"once.":[14],"this":[16],"paper,":[17],"we":[18],"designed":[19],"a":[20,42,57,90,111,130],"method":[21],"generate":[23],"random":[24],"within":[27],"digital":[28],"images,":[29],"which":[30],"is":[31,83],"equivalent":[32],"permutation":[34],"in":[35,114],"image":[36,92,134],"encryption.":[37],"By":[38,85],"these":[39,87],"means,":[40],"building":[41],"across":[45],"bit":[46],"planes":[47],"can":[48,60],"shuffle":[49],"distribution":[51],"of":[52,66,74,98,118],"pixel's":[54,67],"bits.":[55],"Furthermore,":[56],"similar":[58],"thought":[59],"be":[61],"applied":[62],"for":[63,133],"substitution":[65],"grey":[68],"levels.":[69],"To":[70],"ensure":[71],"randomness":[73],"generated":[76],"path,":[78],"an":[79],"adjusted":[80],"Bernoulli":[81],"map":[82],"proposed.":[84],"adopting":[86],"novel":[88],"techniques,":[89],"bit-level":[91],"encryption":[93,135],"scheme":[94,105],"was":[95,121],"devised.":[96],"Evaluation":[97],"simulation":[99],"results":[100],"proves":[101],"proposed":[104],"reached":[106],"fair":[107],"performance.":[108],"addition,":[110],"common":[112],"flaw":[113],"calculating":[115],"correlation":[116,127],"coefficients":[117],"adjacent":[119],"pixels":[120],"pinpointed":[122],"by":[123],"us.":[124],"After":[125],"enhancement,":[126],"coefficient":[128],"becomes":[129],"stricter":[131],"criterion":[132],"algorithms.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
