{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981780982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21111038","title":"A Pseudo-Random Beamforming Technique for Improving Physical-Layer Security of MIMO Cellular Networks","display_name":"A Pseudo-Random Beamforming Technique for Improving Physical-Layer Security of MIMO Cellular Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981780982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21111038","mag":"2981780982"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21111038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21111038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1038/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1038/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003652569","display_name":"Woong Son","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9332-2102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woong Son","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029721158","display_name":"Han Seung Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9024-8952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111277659","display_name":"Chonnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzjxq56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Han Seung Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Electronic Communication and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Electronic Communication and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039254133","display_name":"Bang Chul Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4485-9592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bang Chul Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029721158","https://openalex.org/A5039254133"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659","https://openalex.org/I196345858"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.3631,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62190626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"11","first_page":"1038","last_page":"1038"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8086636066436768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-noise","display_name":"Artificial noise","score":0.7614356279373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6763852834701538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.6603058576583862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6522489786148071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6046515107154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.5429041981697083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5394632816314697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5193582773208618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5085698366165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4825286567211151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.4781273901462555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.44823992252349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.338142454624176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28211528062820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2648897171020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.24672117829322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.18456977605819702}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8086636066436768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.7614356279373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6763852834701538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.6603058576583862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6522489786148071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6046515107154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.5429041981697083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5394632816314697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5193582773208618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5085698366165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4825286567211151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.4781273901462555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.44823992252349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.338142454624176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28211528062820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2648897171020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.24672117829322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.18456977605819702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21111038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21111038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1038/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8801249693bf4c34b8beacd65dbbb19f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8801249693bf4c34b8beacd65dbbb19f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 21, Iss 11, p 1038 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/21/11/1038/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21111038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7514341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7514341","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21111038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21111038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1038/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6227841326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R1F1A1061023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7426524187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2019R1A2B5B01070697","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7685055460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2981780982.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2981780982.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1733425272","https://openalex.org/W1970334960","https://openalex.org/W2019622993","https://openalex.org/W2031267623","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2060786770","https://openalex.org/W2075173322","https://openalex.org/W2081977099","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2119012490","https://openalex.org/W2122653429","https://openalex.org/W2128153585","https://openalex.org/W2134144563","https://openalex.org/W2156214717","https://openalex.org/W2368975782","https://openalex.org/W2500026973","https://openalex.org/W2552775644","https://openalex.org/W2553476303","https://openalex.org/W2570379807","https://openalex.org/W2614040845","https://openalex.org/W2620059960","https://openalex.org/W2765821440","https://openalex.org/W2771572902","https://openalex.org/W2791447276","https://openalex.org/W2796469972","https://openalex.org/W2885075265","https://openalex.org/W2888773796","https://openalex.org/W2891771259","https://openalex.org/W2942707460","https://openalex.org/W2971397734","https://openalex.org/W6683138501"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123156148","https://openalex.org/W2012665287","https://openalex.org/W1979654659","https://openalex.org/W2117054468","https://openalex.org/W2167568384","https://openalex.org/W2116541631","https://openalex.org/W2878548210","https://openalex.org/W2952382957","https://openalex.org/W2514205366","https://openalex.org/W3173074004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,58],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4,196],"a":[5,26,127,150,197],"pseudo-random":[6],"beamforming":[7,73,227],"(PRBF)":[8],"technique":[9],"for":[10,111,145],"improving":[11],"physical-layer":[12],"security":[13],"(PLS)":[14],"in":[15,54,76,236],"multiple":[16,18,31,68,84],"input":[17],"output":[19],"(MIMO)":[20],"downlink":[21],"cellular":[22],"networks":[23],"consisting":[24],"of":[25,70,83,136,238],"legitimate":[27,32,40,64,93,99,124,158,166,173,178,188,208],"base":[28],"station":[29],"(BS),":[30],"mobile":[33],"stations":[34],"(MSs)":[35],"and":[36,88,117,131,168,186,241],"potential":[37,45],"eavesdroppers.":[38],"The":[39],"BS":[41,65,174,179],"can":[42],"obtain":[43],"available":[44],"eavesdroppers\u2019":[46],"channel":[47],"state":[48],"information":[49,91,164],"(CSI),":[50],"which":[51,77],"is":[52,154],"registered":[53],"an":[55],"adjacent":[56],"cell.":[57],"the":[59,63,71,107,119,132,137,142,162,169,172,177,181,187,215,219,224,230],"proposed":[60,216,220],"PRBF":[61,217],"technique,":[62],"pseudo-randomly":[66,113],"generates":[67,101],"candidates":[69],"transmit":[72,79,115,183],"(BF)":[74],"matrix,":[75],"each":[78,123,146,157],"BF":[80,86,90,103,138,147,184],"matrix":[81,148,185],"consists":[82],"orthonormal":[85],"vectors":[87,104],"shares":[89],"with":[92,218,229],"MSs":[94,167,189],"before":[95],"data":[96],"transmission.":[97],"Each":[98],"MS":[100,125],"receive":[102,108],"to":[105,156,175,203],"maximize":[106],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[109],"(SINR)":[110],"all":[112],"generated":[114],"beams":[116],"calculates":[118],"corresponding":[120,133],"SINR.":[121],"Then,":[122],"sends":[126],"single":[128,151],"beam":[129],"index":[130],"SINR":[134,144],"value":[135],"vector":[139],"that":[140,190],"maximizes":[141,191],"received":[143],"since":[149],"spatial":[152],"stream":[153],"sent":[155],"MS.":[159],"Based":[160,210],"on":[161,211],"feedback":[163,200,205,233,243],"from":[165,171],"CSI":[170],"eavesdroppers,":[176],"selects":[180],"optimal":[182],"secrecy":[192,239],"sum-rate.":[193],"We":[194],"also":[195],"codebook-based":[198],"opportunistic":[199,232],"(CO-FB)":[201],"strategy":[202],"reduce":[204],"overhead":[206],"at":[207],"MSs.":[209],"extensive":[212],"computer":[213],"simulations,":[214],"CO-FB":[221],"significantly":[222],"outperforms":[223],"conventional":[225,231],"random":[226],"(RBF)":[228],"(O-FB)":[234],"strategies":[235],"terms":[237],"sum-rate":[240],"required":[242],"bits.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}