{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2967554011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21080793","title":"A Comparative Study of Multiscale Sample Entropy and Hierarchical Entropy and Its Application in Feature Extraction for Ship-Radiated Noise","display_name":"A Comparative Study of Multiscale Sample Entropy and Hierarchical Entropy and Its Application in Feature Extraction for Ship-Radiated Noise","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2967554011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21080793","mag":"2967554011","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33267506"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21080793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21080793","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/8/793/pdf?version=1565788024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/8/793/pdf?version=1565788024","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613916","display_name":"Weijia Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0876-9773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0876-9773","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007338500","display_name":"Xiaohong Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2361-8327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ocean Acoustics and Sensing (Northwestern Polytechnical University), Ministry of Industry of Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","Key Laboratory of Ocean Acoustics and Sensing (Northwestern Polytechnical University), Ministry of Industry of Information Technology, Xi'an 710072, China","School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Acoustics and Sensing (Northwestern Polytechnical University), Ministry of Industry of Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Acoustics and Sensing (Northwestern Polytechnical University), Ministry of Industry of Information Technology, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017078676","display_name":"Yaan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5973-9780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yaan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5973-9780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007338500","https://openalex.org/A5017078676"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":1.562,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81402374,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"8","first_page":"793","last_page":"793"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10822","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Phenomena Research","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-entropy","display_name":"Sample entropy","score":0.6108942627906799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5843441486358643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5831987261772156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5760201215744019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5758929252624512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5057947635650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47226086258888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.45562744140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4414103329181671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.42433908581733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30566877126693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1986340582370758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07619723677635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.07240769267082214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66696666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105612","display_name":"Sample entropy","level":3,"score":0.6108942627906799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5843441486358643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5831987261772156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5760201215744019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5758929252624512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5057947635650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47226086258888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.45562744140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4414103329181671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.42433908581733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30566877126693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1986340582370758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07619723677635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.07240769267082214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21080793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21080793","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/8/793/pdf?version=1565788024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33267506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33267506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:69774c5ba92f455e89e160abd7c9a71a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/69774c5ba92f455e89e160abd7c9a71a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 21, Iss 8, p 793 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/21/8/793/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21080793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7515322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7515322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21080793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21080793","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/8/793/pdf?version=1565788024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G199690236","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.11874302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2668191884","display_name":"\u8d85\u4f4e\u4fe1\u566a\u6bd4\u6c34\u4e0b\u76ee\u6807\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u6df7\u6c8c\u632f\u5b50\u68c0\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"11574250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4157568804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61571365","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8568904316","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6982\u7387\u591a\u5047\u8bbe\u8ddf\u8e2a\u7684\u6c34\u4e0b\u591a\u76ee\u6807\u88ab\u52a8\u8ddf\u8e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"11874302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2967554011.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2967554011.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576772310","https://openalex.org/W1862394037","https://openalex.org/W1965467189","https://openalex.org/W1990866134","https://openalex.org/W2005290650","https://openalex.org/W2010934470","https://openalex.org/W2043436305","https://openalex.org/W2054946297","https://openalex.org/W2059851411","https://openalex.org/W2064021944","https://openalex.org/W2071438989","https://openalex.org/W2077204677","https://openalex.org/W2093266575","https://openalex.org/W2118183148","https://openalex.org/W2133849899","https://openalex.org/W2147052677","https://openalex.org/W2153094283","https://openalex.org/W2155062160","https://openalex.org/W2164195152","https://openalex.org/W2301394020","https://openalex.org/W2466903746","https://openalex.org/W2555142204","https://openalex.org/W2560997814","https://openalex.org/W2727813793","https://openalex.org/W2771248138","https://openalex.org/W2911926529","https://openalex.org/W2920235281","https://openalex.org/W2921723074","https://openalex.org/W2938458899","https://openalex.org/W2945706449","https://openalex.org/W3122798562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006708776","https://openalex.org/W3088843374","https://openalex.org/W2076258781","https://openalex.org/W2050076996","https://openalex.org/W229760109","https://openalex.org/W2093589470","https://openalex.org/W4388412763","https://openalex.org/W2889925888","https://openalex.org/W2415751681","https://openalex.org/W2022287597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,114],"presence":[1],"of":[2,97,104,142,145,160,177,200],"marine":[3],"ambient":[4],"noise":[5,61,147,179],"makes":[6],"it":[7],"difficult":[8],"to":[9,41,156,194],"extract":[10],"effective":[11],"features":[12],"from":[13],"ship-radiated":[14,60,146,178],"noise.":[15],"Traditional":[16],"feature":[17,56,188],"extraction":[18,57,189],"methods":[19,37],"based":[20,62],"on":[21,63,111,133,139],"the":[22,69,83,101,126,158,161,174,186,198],"Fourier":[23],"transform":[24],"or":[25],"wavelets":[26],"are":[27,148],"limited":[28],"in":[29,82,128,197],"such":[30],"a":[31,54,169],"complex":[32],"ocean":[33],"environment.":[34],"Recently,":[35],"entropy-based":[36],"have":[38,42],"been":[39],"proven":[40],"many":[43],"advantages":[44],"compared":[45,180],"with":[46,68,181],"traditional":[47,70],"methods.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52],"propose":[53],"novel":[55],"method":[58,190],"for":[59,173],"hierarchical":[64],"entropy":[65,75],"(HE).":[66],"Compared":[67],"entropy,":[71],"namely":[72],"multiscale":[73],"sample":[74],"(MSE),":[76],"which":[77],"only":[78],"considers":[79],"information":[80],"carried":[81],"lower":[84,92],"frequency":[85,95,135],"components,":[86],"HE":[87,105,118,167],"takes":[88],"into":[89],"account":[90],"both":[91],"and":[93,106],"higher":[94,134,170],"components":[96],"signals.":[98,113],"We":[99],"illustrate":[100],"different":[102],"properties":[103],"MSE":[107],"by":[108],"testing":[109],"them":[110],"simulation":[112],"results":[115],"show":[116,165],"that":[117,166,185],"has":[119,168],"better":[120],"performance":[121,159],"than":[122],"MSE,":[123],"especially":[124],"when":[125],"difference":[127],"signals":[129],"is":[130,154],"mainly":[131],"focused":[132],"components.":[136],"Furthermore,":[137],"experiments":[138],"real-world":[140],"data":[141],"five":[143,175],"types":[144,176],"conducted.":[149],"A":[150],"probabilistic":[151],"neural":[152],"network":[153],"employed":[155],"evaluate":[157],"obtained":[162],"features.":[163],"Results":[164],"classification":[171],"accuracy":[172],"MSE.":[182],"This":[183],"indicates":[184],"HE-based":[187],"could":[191],"be":[192],"used":[193],"identify":[195],"ships":[196],"field":[199],"underwater":[201],"acoustic":[202],"signal":[203],"processing.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}