{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2954096497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21070666","title":"Identification of Denatured Biological Tissues Based on Time-Frequency Entropy and Refined Composite Multi-Scale Weighted Permutation Entropy during HIFU Treatment","display_name":"Identification of Denatured Biological Tissues Based on Time-Frequency Entropy and Refined Composite Multi-Scale Weighted Permutation Entropy during HIFU Treatment","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2954096497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21070666","mag":"2954096497","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33267380"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21070666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21070666","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/7/666/pdf?version=1562635297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/7/666/pdf?version=1562635297","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100378248","display_name":"Bei Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023854079","display_name":"Shengyou Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6612-1815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shengyou Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053915027","display_name":"Weipeng Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weipeng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023854079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.5084,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68992236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"7","first_page":"666","last_page":"666"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.6808106303215027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5543726682662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-line","display_name":"Spectral line","score":0.46272531151771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.45711708068847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4481944143772125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33947086334228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3377954959869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33490315079689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.28285348415374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.26772499084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.08004963397979736}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.6808106303215027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5543726682662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.46272531151771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.45711708068847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4481944143772125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33947086334228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3377954959869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33490315079689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28285348415374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26772499084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.08004963397979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21070666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21070666","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/7/666/pdf?version=1562635297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33267380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33267380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2315d3eaf4174f5bbb02c1980e640f4e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2315d3eaf4174f5bbb02c1980e640f4e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 21, Iss 7, p 666 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/21/7/666/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21070666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7515163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7515163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21070666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21070666","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/7/666/pdf?version=1562635297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2733742866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016JJ3090","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4828324750","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61502164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5102869771","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11774088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5366952504","display_name":"\u9ad8\u5f3a\u5ea6\u805a\u7126\u8d85\u58f0\u6cbb\u7597\u4e2d\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7279\u6027\u53d8\u5316\u76d1\u6d4b\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u52a0\u70ed\u5f71\u54cd\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"11474090","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5446295337","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u88ab\u52a8\u58f0\u4fe1\u53f7\u68c0\u6d4b\u7684HIFU\u7597\u6548\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"11774088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6042027868","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16B155","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6149026712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16B155","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6629743389","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11774088,11474090,61502164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6831153955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61502164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7183919956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11474090","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8861840166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016JJ3090","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311213","display_name":"Education Department of Hunan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckg3w11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2954096497.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2954096497.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W111047767","https://openalex.org/W630602752","https://openalex.org/W1598333653","https://openalex.org/W1979921670","https://openalex.org/W1986754283","https://openalex.org/W2009366825","https://openalex.org/W2014683958","https://openalex.org/W2019900743","https://openalex.org/W2020997493","https://openalex.org/W2022209871","https://openalex.org/W2041287404","https://openalex.org/W2041780277","https://openalex.org/W2043020486","https://openalex.org/W2048032753","https://openalex.org/W2065832447","https://openalex.org/W2074189988","https://openalex.org/W2085722119","https://openalex.org/W2092351977","https://openalex.org/W2122822045","https://openalex.org/W2145610448","https://openalex.org/W2151380615","https://openalex.org/W2171131037","https://openalex.org/W2199533377","https://openalex.org/W2322045482","https://openalex.org/W2339670543","https://openalex.org/W2508536993","https://openalex.org/W2521629941","https://openalex.org/W2523408358","https://openalex.org/W2545019273","https://openalex.org/W2606471037","https://openalex.org/W2886507673","https://openalex.org/W3112093680","https://openalex.org/W4255272544","https://openalex.org/W6604534933","https://openalex.org/W6652677765","https://openalex.org/W6729191382"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2618703391","https://openalex.org/W2361945759","https://openalex.org/W1934323445","https://openalex.org/W2349331384","https://openalex.org/W2033547812","https://openalex.org/W2380594826","https://openalex.org/W2031629218","https://openalex.org/W4238525810","https://openalex.org/W4247875078","https://openalex.org/W4238161731"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Identification":[0],"of":[1,48,64,85,137,158,170,182,209,216,246,262,292,306],"denatured":[2,198,210,232,247,274],"biological":[3],"tissue":[4],"is":[5,15,52,57,71,131,201,279,284],"crucial":[6],"to":[7,39,133,179,227,298,301],"high":[8,92],"intensity":[9],"focused":[10],"ultrasound":[11],"(HIFU)":[12],"treatment.":[13,311],"It":[14,200],"not":[16,154],"easy":[17],"for":[18],"intercepting":[19],"ultrasonic":[20,41,49,86,94,184],"scattered":[21,109,185],"echo":[22,42,50,87,110,186],"signals":[23,111,187],"from":[24,112],"HIFU":[25,310],"treatment":[26,104,113,307],"region.":[27],"Therefore,":[28],"this":[29,293],"paper":[30],"employed":[31],"time-frequency":[32,46,69,75,83,119],"entropy":[33,70,84,129,145,151],"based":[34,73],"on":[35,74],"generalized":[36],"S-transform":[37],"(GST)":[38],"intercept":[40],"signals.":[43],"First,":[44],"the":[45,60,65,68,82,98,123,135,166,204,217,241,259,287],"spectra":[47],"signal":[51,88,95,159],"obtained":[53],"by":[54,118],"GST,":[55],"which":[56],"concentrated":[58],"around":[59],"real":[61],"instantaneous":[62],"frequency":[63],"signal.":[66],"Then":[67],"calculated":[72],"spectra.":[76],"The":[77,173,255,271,290],"experimental":[78],"results":[79,291],"indicate":[80],"that":[81,203],"will":[89,295],"be":[90,116,225,296],"abnormally":[91],"when":[93,282],"travels":[96],"across":[97],"boundary":[99],"between":[100,244,273],"normal":[101,192,218,229,250,277],"region":[102,105,114,243],"and":[103,147,168,175,194,206,222,231,249,258,266,276],"in":[106,191,197,240],"tissues.":[107,219,233],"Ultrasonic":[108],"can":[115,224],"intercepted":[117],"entropy.":[120,172],"In":[121],"addition,":[122],"refined":[124],"composite":[125],"multi-scale":[126,143,148,171],"weighted":[127,149],"permutation":[128,144,150],"(RCMWPE)":[130],"proposed":[132],"evaluate":[134],"complexity":[136,157],"nonlinear":[138],"time":[139],"series.":[140],"Comparing":[141],"with":[142,253],"(MPE)":[146],"(MWPE),":[152],"RCMWPE":[153,174,205,221,245,263,283],"only":[155],"measures":[156],"including":[160],"amplitude":[161],"information,":[162],"but":[163],"also":[164],"improves":[165],"stability":[167],"reliability":[169],"MPE":[176,207,223],"are":[177,212,236,264],"applied":[178],"300":[180],"cases":[181,190,196],"actual":[183],"(including":[188],"150":[189,195],"status":[193],"status).":[199],"found":[202],"values":[208],"tissues":[211,230,248,251,275,278],"higher":[213],"than":[214,269],"those":[215],"Both":[220],"used":[226,285],"distinguish":[228],"However,":[234],"there":[235],"fewer":[237],"feature":[238],"points":[239],"overlap":[242],"compared":[252],"MPE.":[254,270],"intra-class":[256],"distance":[257,261],"inter-class":[260],"less":[265],"greater":[267],"respectively":[268],"difference":[272],"more":[280,303],"obvious":[281],"as":[286],"characteristic":[288],"parameter.":[289],"study":[294],"helpful":[297],"guide":[299],"doctors":[300],"obtain":[302],"accurate":[304],"assessment":[305],"effect":[308],"during":[309]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
