{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2942861350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21050472","title":"Classification of Heart Sounds Based on the Wavelet Fractal and Twin Support Vector Machine","display_name":"Classification of Heart Sounds Based on the Wavelet Fractal and Twin Support Vector Machine","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2942861350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21050472","mag":"2942861350","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33267186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21050472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21050472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/5/472/pdf?version=1557128362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/5/472/pdf?version=1557128362","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100685444","display_name":"Jinghui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7283-0674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111971639","display_name":"Qiqihar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01khf5d59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157507598","display_name":"Shenyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7f8730","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinghui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunication and Electronic Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China","Institute of Biomedical and Electromagnetic Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7283-0674","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunication and Electronic Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical and Electromagnetic Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113904000","display_name":"Li Ke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9004-3085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157507598","display_name":"Shenyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7f8730","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical and Electromagnetic Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical and Electromagnetic Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103272016","display_name":"Qiang Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1889-9814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157507598","display_name":"Shenyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7f8730","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical and Electromagnetic Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical and Electromagnetic Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113904000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":5.6084,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96608774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"5","first_page":"472","last_page":"472"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.6660741567611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-sounds","display_name":"Heart sounds","score":0.6107237339019775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal-dimension","display_name":"Fractal dimension","score":0.5590425133705139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5359172821044922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5282320976257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.5204815864562988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5020139217376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47073090076446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4322550594806671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-dimension","display_name":"Correlation dimension","score":0.42555347084999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.41846993565559387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4062214195728302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal","display_name":"Fractal","score":0.4059484004974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4045318067073822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.15281438827514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1458577811717987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.12819096446037292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.09953761100769043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.6660741567611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779435589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967103","display_name":"Heart sounds","level":2,"score":0.6107237339019775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26546657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412452","display_name":"Fractal dimension","level":3,"score":0.5590425133705139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5359172821044922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5282320976257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.5204815864562988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5020139217376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47073090076446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4322550594806671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110601934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172849","display_name":"Correlation dimension","level":4,"score":0.42555347084999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.41846993565559387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4062214195728302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40636538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81392","display_name":"Fractal","level":2,"score":0.4059484004974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4045318067073822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15281438827514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1458577811717987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.12819096446037292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.09953761100769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21050472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21050472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/5/472/pdf?version=1557128362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33267186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33267186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d1745cc09d840baa3350b1ba3022af4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d1745cc09d840baa3350b1ba3022af4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 21, Iss 5, p 472 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/21/5/472/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21050472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7514961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7514961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21050472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21050472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/5/472/pdf?version=1557128362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6072454254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51377109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2942861350.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2942861350.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1916934071","https://openalex.org/W1970711085","https://openalex.org/W1981810861","https://openalex.org/W1995013121","https://openalex.org/W2011972938","https://openalex.org/W2018158463","https://openalex.org/W2021849066","https://openalex.org/W2029677531","https://openalex.org/W2039031643","https://openalex.org/W2043369152","https://openalex.org/W2063058899","https://openalex.org/W2064741519","https://openalex.org/W2067063385","https://openalex.org/W2080157384","https://openalex.org/W2080462706","https://openalex.org/W2082567546","https://openalex.org/W2084378863","https://openalex.org/W2137837503","https://openalex.org/W2291000060","https://openalex.org/W2301158262","https://openalex.org/W2340809286","https://openalex.org/W2342495793","https://openalex.org/W2342504937","https://openalex.org/W2356802913","https://openalex.org/W2518436123","https://openalex.org/W2536938921","https://openalex.org/W2540718148","https://openalex.org/W2557139718","https://openalex.org/W2593628332","https://openalex.org/W2607377556","https://openalex.org/W2612816431","https://openalex.org/W2613181244","https://openalex.org/W2737907540","https://openalex.org/W2751669721","https://openalex.org/W2770039576","https://openalex.org/W2789253854","https://openalex.org/W2792997810","https://openalex.org/W2811161392","https://openalex.org/W2901976219","https://openalex.org/W3145320818","https://openalex.org/W6698041239","https://openalex.org/W6704325212"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394117909","https://openalex.org/W2896054214","https://openalex.org/W2355197944","https://openalex.org/W2017118246","https://openalex.org/W2354661593","https://openalex.org/W2382240109","https://openalex.org/W2368475191","https://openalex.org/W2391311021","https://openalex.org/W2389188284","https://openalex.org/W2026209355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heart":[0],"is":[1,45,97,108,160,185,196,232,243,268],"an":[2],"important":[3],"organ":[4],"of":[5,26,52,67,118,127,139,155,168,182,191,220],"human":[6],"beings.":[7],"As":[8],"more":[9,11,150],"and":[10,24,71,77,91,113,162,282,299],"heart":[12,27,38,42,59,68,81,105,129,193,222,237,250],"diseases":[13,28,39,69],"are":[14,121,132,171,215],"caused":[15],"by":[16,110,134,198],"people's":[17],"living":[18],"pressure":[19],"or":[20],"habits,":[21],"the":[22,37,41,58,65,80,84,103,114,119,124,128,136,140,147,152,156,164,169,177,180,183,192,199,218,221,226,236,246,271,288],"diagnosis":[23,70],"treatment":[25],"also":[29],"require":[30],"technical":[31],"improvement.":[32],"In":[33,73,143,173],"order":[34,74,144],"to":[35,47,75,145,234,270],"assist":[36],"diagnosis,":[40],"sound":[43,60,82,106,130,194,223,238,251],"signal":[44,61,107,120,131,170,184,195],"used":[46],"carry":[48],"a":[49],"large":[50],"amount":[51],"cardiac":[53],"state":[54],"information,":[55],"so":[56],"that":[57,257],"processing":[62],"can":[63,209],"achieve":[64],"purpose":[66],"treatment.":[72],"quickly":[76],"accurately":[78],"judge":[79],"signal,":[83],"classification":[85,280,292],"method":[86],"based":[87,175,261,273],"on":[88,176,245,262,274],"Wavelet":[89],"Fractal":[90],"twin":[92,227,263],"support":[93,228,264,275],"vector":[94,229,265,276],"machine":[95,230,266,277],"(TWSVM)":[96,231,267],"proposed":[98,241,259,285],"in":[99,279],"this":[100,258],"paper.":[101],"Firstly,":[102],"original":[104],"decomposed":[109,157],"wavelet":[111,115,158],"transform,":[112],"decomposition":[116,141],"coefficients":[117,159],"extracted.":[122],"Then":[123],"two-norm":[125,137],"eigenvectors":[126,214,219],"obtained":[133],"solving":[135],"values":[138],"coefficients.":[142],"express":[146],"feature":[148],"information":[149],"abundantly,":[151],"energy":[153,165],"entropy":[154,166],"calculated,":[161],"then":[163],"characteristics":[167,208],"obtained.":[172,211],"addition,":[174],"fractal":[178,206],"dimension,":[179],"complexity":[181],"quantitatively":[186],"described.":[187],"The":[188,212,240,253,284],"box":[189,201],"dimension":[190,202,207],"solved":[197],"binary":[200],"method.":[203],"So":[204],"its":[205],"be":[210],"above":[213],"synthesized":[216],"as":[217],"signal.":[224],"Finally,":[225],"applied":[233],"classify":[235],"signals.":[239],"algorithm":[242,260,272,286],"verified":[244],"PhysioNet/CinC":[247],"Challenge":[248],"2016":[249],"database.":[252],"experimental":[254],"results":[255,290],"show":[256],"superior":[269],"(SVM)":[278],"accuracy":[281,293],"speed.":[283],"achieves":[287],"best":[289],"with":[291],"90.4%,":[294],"sensitivity":[295],"94.6%,":[296],"specificity":[297],"85.5%":[298],"F1":[300],"Score":[301],"95.2%.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}