{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2917298933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020216","title":"Unification of Epistemic and Ontic Concepts of Information, Probability, and Entropy, Using Cognizers-System Model","display_name":"Unification of Epistemic and Ontic Concepts of Information, Probability, and Entropy, Using Cognizers-System Model","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2917298933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020216","mag":"2917298933","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21020216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020216","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/2/216/pdf?version=1550995893","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/2/216/pdf?version=1550995893","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080219989","display_name":"Toshiyuki Nakajima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6956-9578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43545212","display_name":"Ehime University","ror":"https://ror.org/017hkng22","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43545212"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Toshiyuki Nakajima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Ehime University, Ehime Prefecture 790-8577, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6956-9578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Ehime University, Ehime Prefecture 790-8577, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43545212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080219989"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43545212"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.2486,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53916487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"216","last_page":"216"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10621","display_name":"Gene Regulatory Network Analysis","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10621","display_name":"Gene Regulatory Network Analysis","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12536","display_name":"Topological and Geometric Data Analysis","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontic","display_name":"Ontic","score":0.9868964552879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.6750391125679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unification","display_name":"Unification","score":0.5581517815589905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5123049020767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"Information theory","score":0.4942021667957306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropic-principle","display_name":"Anthropic principle","score":0.47876372933387756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-and-statistics","display_name":"Probability and statistics","score":0.4531271457672119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.42028215527534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3931090235710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.24785014986991882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19243159890174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1076100766658783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.10275882482528687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778236678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3181456","display_name":"Ontic","level":2,"score":0.9868964552879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6750391125679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96146094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609057","display_name":"Unification","level":2,"score":0.5581517815589905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5123049020767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.4942021667957306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86580146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240581","display_name":"Anthropic principle","level":2,"score":0.47876372933387756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43596424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98124957","display_name":"Probability and statistics","level":2,"score":0.4531271457672119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42028215527534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3931090235710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.24785014986991882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19243159890174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1076100766658783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.10275882482528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21020216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020216","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/2/216/pdf?version=1550995893","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33266931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:361ac908e6274db68c298767035f0e79","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/361ac908e6274db68c298767035f0e79","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 21, Iss 2, p 216 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/21/2/216/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21020216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7514697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7514697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21020216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020216","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/2/216/pdf?version=1550995893","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3542362098","display_name":"Experimental analysis of the evolution of symbiosis using an artificial ecosystem","funder_award_id":"16K07520","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G737318576","display_name":"In-vitro evolution of endosymbiosis between an alga and a protozoan","funder_award_id":"17KT0111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2917298933.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2917298933.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W604029748","https://openalex.org/W911666850","https://openalex.org/W1968367147","https://openalex.org/W1980534953","https://openalex.org/W1987945344","https://openalex.org/W1991566301","https://openalex.org/W1993761890","https://openalex.org/W1999828603","https://openalex.org/W2037236334","https://openalex.org/W2037670178","https://openalex.org/W2038884710","https://openalex.org/W2054545243","https://openalex.org/W2067023260","https://openalex.org/W2091055758","https://openalex.org/W2091617792","https://openalex.org/W2115453632","https://openalex.org/W2126497824","https://openalex.org/W2156112534","https://openalex.org/W2493894436","https://openalex.org/W3206773045","https://openalex.org/W4230569638","https://openalex.org/W4233810795","https://openalex.org/W4245674365","https://openalex.org/W4252507174","https://openalex.org/W4255383393","https://openalex.org/W6629742986","https://openalex.org/W6642064928","https://openalex.org/W6801833536"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2233810672","https://openalex.org/W1443374966","https://openalex.org/W3174459984","https://openalex.org/W4293327510","https://openalex.org/W4286253983","https://openalex.org/W4394648697","https://openalex.org/W1598190736","https://openalex.org/W2506325542","https://openalex.org/W2352575905","https://openalex.org/W1939864859"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Information":[0,132],"and":[1,12,18,36,49,118,133,136,140,171],"probability":[2,13,172],"are":[3,122,138],"common":[4,145],"words":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7,34],"scientific":[8],"investigations.":[9],"However,":[10],"information":[11,46,72,84,170],"both":[14,123],"involve":[15],"epistemic":[16,135],"(subjective)":[17],"ontic":[19],"(objective)":[20],"interpretations":[21],"under":[22],"the":[23,30,43,60,89,101,113,149,158],"same":[24],"terms,":[25],"which":[26],"causes":[27],"controversy":[28],"within":[29],"concept":[31,70],"of":[32,53,71,78,83,148,166],"entropy":[33,167],"physics":[35],"biology.":[37],"There":[38],"is":[39,62,106,173],"another":[40,81],"issue":[41],"regarding":[42],"circularity":[44],"between":[45],"(or":[47,57,64],"data)":[48],"reality:":[50],"The":[51,68],"observation":[52],"reality":[54,61,74,90],"produces":[55],"phenomena":[56],"events),":[58],"whereas":[59,80],"confirmed":[63],"constituted)":[65],"by":[66],"phenomena.":[67],"ordinary":[69],"presupposes":[73],"as":[75,86,125],"a":[76,97,128,144,153,160],"source":[77],"information,":[79],"type":[82],"(known":[85],"it-from-bit)":[87],"constitutes":[88],"from":[91,169],"data":[92],"(bits).":[93],"In":[94,112],"this":[95],"paper,":[96],"monistic":[98],"model,":[99,115],"called":[100],"cognizers-system":[102],"model":[103,151],"(CS":[104],"model),":[105],"employed":[107],"to":[108],"resolve":[109],"these":[110],"issues.":[111],"CS":[114,150],"observations":[116],"(epistemic)":[117],"physical":[119],"changes":[120],"(ontic)":[121],"unified":[124],"\u201ccognition\u201d,":[126],"meaning":[127],"related":[129,154],"state":[130],"change.":[131],"probability,":[134],"ontic,":[137],"formalized":[139],"analyzed":[141],"systematically":[142],"using":[143],"theoretical":[146],"framework":[147],"or":[152],"model.":[155],"Based":[156],"on":[157],"results,":[159],"perspective":[161],"for":[162],"resolving":[163],"controversial":[164],"issues":[165],"originating":[168],"presented.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}