{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2911932817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020174","title":"Entropy Generation Rate Minimization for Methanol Synthesis via a CO2 Hydrogenation Reactor","display_name":"Entropy Generation Rate Minimization for Methanol Synthesis via a CO2 Hydrogenation Reactor","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2911932817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020174","mag":"2911932817","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266890"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21020174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020174","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/2/174/pdf?version=1550062537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/2/174/pdf?version=1550062537","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078044292","display_name":"Penglei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8691-8987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Penglei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8691-8987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061326214","display_name":"Lingen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9012-6736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148639","display_name":"Wuhan Engineering Science & Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04ez3r306","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148639"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91125648","display_name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04jcykh16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lingen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China","School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148639","https://openalex.org/I91125648"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028633941","display_name":"Shaojun Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0950-3686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148639","display_name":"Wuhan Engineering Science & Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04ez3r306","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148639"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91125648","display_name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04jcykh16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaojun Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China","School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148639","https://openalex.org/I91125648"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100776760","display_name":"Lei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0420-7837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0420-7837","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061326214"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148639","https://openalex.org/I91125648"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":5.1868,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96245394,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"174","last_page":"174"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11520","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11520","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10495","display_name":"Catalysts for Methane Reforming","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1503","display_name":"Catalysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11053","display_name":"Process Optimization and Integration","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methanol","display_name":"Methanol","score":0.7108745574951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.49054664373397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4857397675514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volumetric-flow-rate","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","score":0.471832811832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yield","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","score":0.4617050290107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4160049855709076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.41106194257736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.40837976336479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.33984196186065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3017762303352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15475600957870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-chemistry","display_name":"Organic chemistry","score":0.14566054940223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.12947824597358704}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779607525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14982","display_name":"Methanol","level":2,"score":0.7108745574951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.49054664373397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4857397675514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172120300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134348","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","level":2,"score":0.471832811832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4617050290107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4160049855709076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.41106194257736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.40837976336479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.33984196186065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3017762303352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15475600957870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.14566054940223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.12947824597358704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21020174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020174","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/2/174/pdf?version=1550062537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33266890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fe8aa24c026241e1a742dd15c6e651e8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fe8aa24c026241e1a742dd15c6e651e8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 21, Iss 2, p 174 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/21/2/174/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21020174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7514656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7514656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21020174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020174","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/2/174/pdf?version=1550062537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1456844877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018CFB708","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4770178706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51576207","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8090956297","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51606218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2911932817.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2911932817.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W293799436","https://openalex.org/W1971458669","https://openalex.org/W1973111972","https://openalex.org/W1973420409","https://openalex.org/W1974801467","https://openalex.org/W1977219075","https://openalex.org/W1978914386","https://openalex.org/W1980306738","https://openalex.org/W1986811776","https://openalex.org/W1999572482","https://openalex.org/W2007813094","https://openalex.org/W2008236784","https://openalex.org/W2008818357","https://openalex.org/W2010707892","https://openalex.org/W2020302146","https://openalex.org/W2020485301","https://openalex.org/W2028464786","https://openalex.org/W2037869870","https://openalex.org/W2039873047","https://openalex.org/W2042042522","https://openalex.org/W2043839742","https://openalex.org/W2049559820","https://openalex.org/W2051359943","https://openalex.org/W2052512225","https://openalex.org/W2056571435","https://openalex.org/W2058020634","https://openalex.org/W2060755610","https://openalex.org/W2060761350","https://openalex.org/W2071282110","https://openalex.org/W2075886908","https://openalex.org/W2086649221","https://openalex.org/W2089140993","https://openalex.org/W2091455196","https://openalex.org/W2094620973","https://openalex.org/W2106926789","https://openalex.org/W2110083561","https://openalex.org/W2114917858","https://openalex.org/W2120697454","https://openalex.org/W2123355020","https://openalex.org/W2125605221","https://openalex.org/W2132495618","https://openalex.org/W2157297032","https://openalex.org/W2212823615","https://openalex.org/W2257869515","https://openalex.org/W2280219103","https://openalex.org/W2340323288","https://openalex.org/W2520901979","https://openalex.org/W2575533503","https://openalex.org/W2585343038","https://openalex.org/W2590313260","https://openalex.org/W2621570194","https://openalex.org/W2738858596","https://openalex.org/W2748739811","https://openalex.org/W2758248168","https://openalex.org/W2763646473","https://openalex.org/W2769315624","https://openalex.org/W2786372830","https://openalex.org/W2792642473","https://openalex.org/W2792741519","https://openalex.org/W2793954956","https://openalex.org/W2799718619","https://openalex.org/W2806461368","https://openalex.org/W2884394687","https://openalex.org/W3102147511","https://openalex.org/W3191587268","https://openalex.org/W4233221365","https://openalex.org/W4237612061","https://openalex.org/W4242302267","https://openalex.org/W4244955509","https://openalex.org/W6657913224","https://openalex.org/W6679593279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964262946","https://openalex.org/W2350740250","https://openalex.org/W2004461584","https://openalex.org/W1990183158","https://openalex.org/W2041514050","https://openalex.org/W2030446380","https://openalex.org/W2390451019","https://openalex.org/W1611493499","https://openalex.org/W4322709677","https://openalex.org/W2388335343"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,58,148,179],"methanol":[1,72],"synthesis":[2,16],"via":[3],"CO2":[4,11,166],"hydrogenation":[5],"(MSCH)":[6],"reaction":[7,138,177],"is":[8,47,63],"a":[9,33,92],"useful":[10],"utilization":[12],"strategy,":[13],"and":[14,54,69,74,105,131,164],"this":[15,28],"path":[17],"has":[18],"also":[19],"been":[20],"widely":[21],"applied":[22],"commercially":[23],"for":[24,140],"many":[25],"years.":[26],"In":[27,116],"work":[29],"the":[30,37,44,66,70,80,83,88,95,99,106,110,117,120,126,132,136,145,157,165,176],"performance":[31],"of":[32,98,144,150,162,186,189],"MSCH":[34,192],"reactor":[35,90,101,129],"with":[36,87,91],"minimum":[38],"entropy":[39],"generation":[40],"rate":[41,161,168],"(EGR)":[42],"as":[43,65,79],"objective":[45],"function":[46],"optimized":[48],"by":[49,103,109,114,135,155,172],"using":[50],"finite":[51],"time":[52],"thermodynamic":[53],"optimal":[55,100,118,187],"control":[56,67],"theory.":[57],"exterior":[59],"wall":[60],"temperature":[61],"(EWR)":[62],"taken":[64,78],"variable,":[68],"fixed":[71],"yield":[73],"conservation":[75],"equations":[76],"are":[77,183],"constraints":[81],"in":[82,125,184],"optimization":[84],"problem.":[85],"Compared":[86],"reference":[89],"constant":[93],"EWR,":[94],"total":[96,121,146],"EGR":[97,107],"decreases":[102,113],"20.5%,":[104],"caused":[108,134],"heat":[111],"transfer":[112],"68.8%.":[115],"reactor,":[119],"EGRs":[122,133],"mainly":[123],"distribute":[124],"first":[127],"30%":[128],"length,":[130],"chemical":[137],"accounts":[139],"more":[141],"than":[142],"84%":[143],"EGRs.":[147],"selectivity":[149],"CH3OH":[151],"can":[152,169],"be":[153,170],"enhanced":[154,171],"increasing":[156],"inlet":[158],"molar":[159],"flow":[160],"CO,":[163],"conversion":[167],"removing":[173],"H2O":[174],"from":[175],"system.":[178],"results":[180],"obtained":[181],"herein":[182],"favor":[185],"designs":[188],"practical":[190],"tubular":[191],"reactors.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2019-02-21T00:00:00"}