{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2906222711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21010010","title":"Vector Bundle Model of Complex Electromagnetic Space and Change Detection","display_name":"Vector Bundle Model of Complex Electromagnetic Space and Change Detection","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2906222711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21010010","mag":"2906222711","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21010010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21010010","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/1/10/pdf?version=1545726489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/1/10/pdf?version=1545726489","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058867039","display_name":"Hao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-1274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-1274","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009604459","display_name":"Yongqiang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-384X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongqiang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-384X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058024618","display_name":"Xiaoqiang Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7687-7720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqiang Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7687-7720","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100757637","display_name":"Hongqiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2522-9552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongqiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009604459","https://openalex.org/A5058867039"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":10.5254,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97815646,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"10","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.7821430563926697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-environment","display_name":"Electromagnetic environment","score":0.5964694023132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5711350440979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.565334141254425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5318892598152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5149574875831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-radiation","display_name":"Electromagnetic radiation","score":0.4786989986896515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4309280812740326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4205247759819031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.35958021879196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.32099005579948425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2857414484024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24448010325431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.20964819192886353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19873440265655518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12963831424713135}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.7821430563926697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64183698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4530886","display_name":"Electromagnetic environment","level":2,"score":0.5964694023132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5711350440979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.565334141254425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5318892598152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5149574875831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149773537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12969754","display_name":"Electromagnetic radiation","level":2,"score":0.4786989986896515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4309280812740326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4205247759819031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.35958021879196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.32099005579948425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2857414484024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24448010325431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.20964819192886353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19873440265655518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12963831424713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21010010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21010010","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/1/10/pdf?version=1545726489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33266726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:25fcda0d973d4515baef8d0341965c47","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/25fcda0d973d4515baef8d0341965c47","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 21, Iss 1, p 10 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/21/1/10/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21010010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7514112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7514112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e21010010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e21010010","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/1/10/pdf?version=1545726489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6087007505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 61871472","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6826962835","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871472","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2906222711.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2906222711.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479979375","https://openalex.org/W1964926783","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1966320258","https://openalex.org/W1969481231","https://openalex.org/W1979601639","https://openalex.org/W2000507951","https://openalex.org/W2022552648","https://openalex.org/W2023184132","https://openalex.org/W2023927582","https://openalex.org/W2025994725","https://openalex.org/W2066178823","https://openalex.org/W2097230740","https://openalex.org/W2099948535","https://openalex.org/W2108664974","https://openalex.org/W2118443009","https://openalex.org/W2133701212","https://openalex.org/W2146595905","https://openalex.org/W2155999145","https://openalex.org/W2162381879","https://openalex.org/W2195832715","https://openalex.org/W2225690030","https://openalex.org/W2237986896","https://openalex.org/W2324281119","https://openalex.org/W2335712215","https://openalex.org/W2485135680","https://openalex.org/W2498231731","https://openalex.org/W2533757944","https://openalex.org/W2574994248","https://openalex.org/W2587037445","https://openalex.org/W2731028425","https://openalex.org/W2754192799","https://openalex.org/W2790122812","https://openalex.org/W2795418448","https://openalex.org/W2795696415","https://openalex.org/W3038830718","https://openalex.org/W4229633200","https://openalex.org/W4243935343","https://openalex.org/W4298425661","https://openalex.org/W6844033692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366906938","https://openalex.org/W2979124379","https://openalex.org/W2043302357","https://openalex.org/W2359093779","https://openalex.org/W2377434613","https://openalex.org/W2383472643","https://openalex.org/W2077086159","https://openalex.org/W2960883145","https://openalex.org/W332600388","https://openalex.org/W3099936529"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Complex":[0],"Electromagnetic":[1],"Space":[2],"(CEMS),":[3],"which":[4,134],"consists":[5],"of":[6,54,64,70,73,79,85,93,100,128,201],"physical":[7],"space":[8],"and":[9,56,67,114,142,168,177,194],"the":[10,33,40,43,52,62,68,71,83,90,106,116,153,157,159,184],"complex":[11],"electromagnetic":[12,34,86,107],"environment,":[13],"plays":[14],"an":[15,136],"essential":[16],"role":[17],"in":[18,61,109,118,139,150,171,205],"our":[19],"daily":[20],"life":[21],"for":[22,104,147],"supporting":[23],"remote":[24],"communication,":[25],"wireless":[26],"network,":[27],"wide-range":[28],"broadcast,":[29],"etc.":[30],"In":[31,156],"CEMS,":[32],"activities":[35],"might":[36],"work":[37],"differently":[38],"from":[39,82],"ideal":[41],"situation;":[42],"typical":[44],"case":[45,176],"is":[46,102,135,188],"that":[47],"undesired":[48],"signal":[49,108],"would":[50],"disturb":[51],"echo":[53],"objects":[55],"overlap":[57],"into":[58],"it":[59],"resulting":[60,81],"mismatch":[63],"matched":[65,169,195],"filter":[66,170,196],"reduction":[69],"probability":[72],"detection.":[74],"The":[75,181],"lacking":[76],"mathematical":[77,98],"description":[78],"CEMS":[80,101,110,119,129,151],"complexity":[84],"environment":[87],"leads":[88],"to":[89],"inappropriate":[91],"design":[92],"detection":[94,149,175,179],"method.":[95],"Therefore,":[96],"a":[97,112,125,144],"model":[99,127],"desired":[103],"integrating":[105],"as":[111],"whole":[113],"considering":[115],"issues":[117],"accurately.":[120],"This":[121],"paper":[122],"puts":[123],"forward":[124],"geometric":[126,145,154,161,186],"based":[130],"on":[131],"vector":[132],"bundle,":[133],"abstract":[137],"concept":[138],"differential":[140],"geometry":[141],"proposes":[143],"detector":[146,162,167,187,193],"change":[148],"under":[152],"model.":[155],"simulation,":[158],"proposed":[160,185],"was":[163],"compared":[164],"with":[165,197],"energy":[166,192],"two":[172,206],"scenes:":[173],"passive":[174],"active":[178],"case.":[180],"results":[182],"show":[183],"better":[189],"than":[190],"both":[191],"4\u223c5":[198],"dB":[199],"improvements":[200],"SNR":[202],"(signal-to-noise":[203],"ratio)":[204],"scenes.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}