{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2899826780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20110857","title":"Building an Ensemble of Fine-Tuned Naive Bayesian Classifiers for Text Classification","display_name":"Building an Ensemble of Fine-Tuned Naive Bayesian Classifiers for Text Classification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2899826780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20110857","mag":"2899826780","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20110857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20110857","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/11/857/pdf?version=1541593056","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/11/857/pdf?version=1541593056","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079481884","display_name":"Khalil El Hindi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2457-9961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khalil El Hindi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039423980","display_name":"Hussien AlSalman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussien AlSalman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009926322","display_name":"Safwan Qasem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Safwan Qasem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004401480","display_name":"Saad Al-Ahmadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9406-6809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Al Ahmadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079481884"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.03,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9008661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"11","first_page":"857","last_page":"857"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7031722068786621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6536375284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.633350670337677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6167314052581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5830739736557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.563728392124176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.49880194664001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-subspace-method","display_name":"Random subspace method","score":0.47884297370910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44642284512519836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.4436129033565521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36537110805511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3383563458919525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.24686390161514282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7031722068786621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6536375284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.633350670337677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6167314052581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5830739736557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.563728392124176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.49880194664001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106135958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7291993","display_name":"Random subspace method","level":3,"score":0.47884297370910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44642284512519836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.4436129033565521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36537110805511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3383563458919525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.24686390161514282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20110857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20110857","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/11/857/pdf?version=1541593056","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33266581","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:467e519842cc49e5a27368f9fa1bf362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/467e519842cc49e5a27368f9fa1bf362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 20, Iss 11, p 857 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/20/11/857/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20110857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7512419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7512419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20110857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20110857","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/11/857/pdf?version=1541593056","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6533115589","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2899826780.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W339546261","https://openalex.org/W605727707","https://openalex.org/W1496929357","https://openalex.org/W1540371141","https://openalex.org/W1550206324","https://openalex.org/W1582583141","https://openalex.org/W1607060702","https://openalex.org/W1879009681","https://openalex.org/W1972640883","https://openalex.org/W1994550352","https://openalex.org/W1997610264","https://openalex.org/W2004131797","https://openalex.org/W2012971775","https://openalex.org/W2014283007","https://openalex.org/W2026013813","https://openalex.org/W2048815652","https://openalex.org/W2070534370","https://openalex.org/W2085302848","https://openalex.org/W2105131700","https://openalex.org/W2107641306","https://openalex.org/W2113242816","https://openalex.org/W2120538612","https://openalex.org/W2139578439","https://openalex.org/W2147169507","https://openalex.org/W2167917621","https://openalex.org/W2292052625","https://openalex.org/W2301625748","https://openalex.org/W2498672755","https://openalex.org/W2500554657","https://openalex.org/W2562036780","https://openalex.org/W2774650390","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912934387","https://openalex.org/W2950903179","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4232478844","https://openalex.org/W4244238212","https://openalex.org/W4300598253","https://openalex.org/W6636316800","https://openalex.org/W6676472779","https://openalex.org/W6677871972","https://openalex.org/W6696600638"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981866886","https://openalex.org/W2052615004","https://openalex.org/W2046975922","https://openalex.org/W4361733484","https://openalex.org/W4256395896","https://openalex.org/W2057416691","https://openalex.org/W1760344465","https://openalex.org/W2770076983","https://openalex.org/W4205397888","https://openalex.org/W4388700830"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Text":[0],"classification":[1,54,76],"is":[2,32,78],"one":[3],"domain":[4],"in":[5,20,51,67],"which":[6],"the":[7,86,90,102],"naive":[8],"Bayesian":[9],"(NB)":[10],"learning":[11],"algorithm":[12,73,88,104],"performs":[13],"remarkably":[14],"well.":[15],"However,":[16],"making":[17],"further":[18],"improvement":[19,50,66,96,122],"performance":[21],"using":[22,110,115],"ensemble-building":[23],"techniques":[24],"proved":[25],"to":[26],"be":[27],"a":[28,33,64,71],"challenge":[29],"because":[30],"NB":[31,44,60,87,92],"stable":[34,84],"algorithm.":[35,94],"This":[36,95],"work":[37],"shows":[38],"that,":[39],"while":[40],"an":[41,56],"ensemble":[42,57],"of":[43,53,58,108],"classifiers":[45,61,109],"achieves":[46],"little":[47],"or":[48],"no":[49],"terms":[52],"accuracy,":[55],"fine-tuned":[59],"can":[62],"achieve":[63],"remarkable":[65],"accuracy.":[68],"We":[69],"propose":[70],"fine-tuning":[72,91],"for":[74,105,123],"text":[75],"that":[77],"both":[79],"more":[80,99],"accurate":[81],"and":[82,89],"less":[83],"than":[85,101],"(FTNB)":[93],"makes":[97],"it":[98],"suitable":[100],"FTNB":[103],"building":[106],"ensembles":[107],"bagging.":[111],"Our":[112],"empirical":[113],"experiments,":[114],"16-benchmark":[116],"text-classification":[117],"data":[118,125],"sets,":[119],"show":[120],"significant":[121],"most":[124],"sets.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
