{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2888524988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20110814","title":"Complexity of Products: The Effect of Data Regularisation","display_name":"Complexity of Products: The Effect of Data Regularisation","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2888524988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20110814","mag":"2888524988","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266538"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20110814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20110814","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/11/814/pdf?version=1540292147","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/11/814/pdf?version=1540292147","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Orazio Angelini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5057-7866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Orazio Angelini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, King\u2019s College London, The Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5057-7866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, King\u2019s College London, The Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tiziana Di Matteo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5913-3268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112164","display_name":"Complexity Science Hub","ror":"https://ror.org/023dz9m50","country_code":"AT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112164"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["AT","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiziana Di Matteo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Strasse 39, A 1080 Vienna, Austria","Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK","Department of Mathematics, King\u2019s College London, The Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5913-3268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Strasse 39, A 1080 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112164"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, King\u2019s College London, The Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.5802,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92322231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"11","first_page":"814","last_page":"814"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictability","display_name":"Predictability","score":0.6363000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4577000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.43130001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjacency-list","display_name":"Adjacency list","score":0.38749998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197640229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066","display_name":"Predictability","level":2,"score":0.6363000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5846999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4577000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.43130001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110484373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264398","display_name":"Adjacency list","level":2,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780267512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6997828","display_name":"Nestedness","level":3,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164660894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037833","display_name":"Piecewise","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57869625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783502","display_name":"Rate of convergence","level":3,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20110814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20110814","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/11/814/pdf?version=1540292147","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33266538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1808.08249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.08249","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.08249","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:754e66e1ebe748fd859905d039815bdc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/754e66e1ebe748fd859905d039815bdc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 20, Iss 11, p 814 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/20/11/814/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20110814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7512364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7512364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20110814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20110814","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/11/814/pdf?version=1540292147","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1247802247","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P031730","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2149259872","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P031730/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4207787170","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P031730/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8188914663","display_name":"Blockchain technology for Algorithmic Regulation And Compliance (BARAC)","funder_award_id":"EP/P031730/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2888524988.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2888524988.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W295731767","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1587867038","https://openalex.org/W1681545227","https://openalex.org/W1966402429","https://openalex.org/W1971713783","https://openalex.org/W2032911731","https://openalex.org/W2050805565","https://openalex.org/W2064927380","https://openalex.org/W2073193171","https://openalex.org/W2087459024","https://openalex.org/W2097854541","https://openalex.org/W2098804859","https://openalex.org/W2105594594","https://openalex.org/W2131957821","https://openalex.org/W2147179807","https://openalex.org/W2149925941","https://openalex.org/W2159014105","https://openalex.org/W2163570355","https://openalex.org/W2168793216","https://openalex.org/W2174601942","https://openalex.org/W2283914363","https://openalex.org/W2303846172","https://openalex.org/W2315864163","https://openalex.org/W2370342765","https://openalex.org/W2475226298","https://openalex.org/W2692652169","https://openalex.org/W2762069974","https://openalex.org/W2789225224","https://openalex.org/W2883812783","https://openalex.org/W3124744803","https://openalex.org/W4236912583","https://openalex.org/W6650247977","https://openalex.org/W6688384279"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Among":[0],"several":[1],"developments,":[2],"the":[3,12,20,32,46,51,64,67,98,106,112,133,137,142,145,159,176,187,195],"field":[4],"of":[5,14,31,36,66,100,108,122,136,149,158,173],"Economic":[6],"Complexity":[7,114,160],"(EC)":[8],"has":[9,83,125],"notably":[10],"seen":[11],"introduction":[13],"two":[15],"new":[16,152,156,171],"techniques.":[17],"One":[18],"is":[19,93],"Bootstrapped":[21],"Selective":[22],"Predictability":[23],"Scheme":[24],"(SPSb),":[25],"which":[26,119,163],"can":[27],"provide":[28],"quantitative":[29],"forecasts":[30],"Gross":[33],"Domestic":[34],"Product":[35,113],"countries.":[37],"The":[38,81],"other,":[39],"Hidden":[40],"Markov":[41],"Model":[42],"(HMM)":[43],"regularisation,":[44],"denoises":[45],"datasets":[47],"typically":[48],"employed":[49],"in":[50,144,194],"literature.":[52],"We":[53,129,178],"contribute":[54],"to":[55,70],"EC":[56],"along":[57],"three":[58],"different":[59],"directions.":[60],"First,":[61],"we":[62,104,164,169],"prove":[63],"convergence":[65],"SPSb":[68,96],"algorithm":[69],"a":[71,120,155,166],"well-known":[72],"statistical":[73],"learning":[74],"technique":[75],"known":[76],"as":[77,140],"Nadaraya-Watson":[78],"Kernel":[79],"regression.":[80],"latter":[82],"significantly":[84],"lower":[85],"time":[86,123,189],"complexity,":[87],"produces":[88],"deterministic":[89],"results,":[90],"and":[91,115,184],"it":[92,181,191],"interchangeable":[94],"with":[95,151],"for":[97,118,132,162,186],"purpose":[99],"making":[101],"predictions.":[102],"Second,":[103],"study":[105],"effects":[107,172],"HMM":[109],"regularization":[110],"on":[111,175],"logPRODY":[116,138],"metrics,":[117],"model":[121,139],"evolution":[124],"been":[126],"recently":[127],"proposed.":[128],"find":[130,179],"confirmation":[131],"original":[134],"interpretation":[135,157],"describing":[141],"change":[143],"global":[146],"market":[147],"structure":[148],"products":[150],"insights":[153],"allowing":[154],"measure,":[161],"propose":[165],"modification.":[167],"Third,":[168],"explore":[170],"regularisation":[174],"data.":[177],"that":[180,190],"reduces":[182],"noise,":[183],"observe":[185],"first":[188],"increases":[192],"nestedness":[193],"export":[196],"network":[197],"adjacency":[198],"matrix.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2018-08-31T00:00:00"}
