{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2795691702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20050358","title":"Agents, Subsystems, and the Conservation of Information","display_name":"Agents, Subsystems, and the Conservation of Information","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2795691702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20050358","mag":"2795691702","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20050358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20050358","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/5/358/pdf?version=1526537690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/5/358/pdf?version=1526537690","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Giulio Chiribella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1339-0656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109736498","display_name":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01sdtdd95","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109736498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CA","GB","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giulio Chiribella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Program in Quantum Information Science, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada","Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China","Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK","HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Yuexing 2nd Rd Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1339-0656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Program in Quantum Information Science, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109736498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Yuexing 2nd Rd Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109736498","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":1.1601,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7776174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"5","first_page":"358","last_page":"358"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9254999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9254999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariant-transformation","display_name":"Covariant transformation","score":0.673799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5874999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.5325000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tensor","display_name":"Tensor (intrinsic definition)","score":0.49309998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherent-information","display_name":"Coherent information","score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-system","display_name":"Quantum system","score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.38119998574256897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9136319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362640","display_name":"Covariant transformation","level":2,"score":0.673799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5874999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5325000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5216000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155281189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518150","display_name":"Tensor (intrinsic definition)","level":2,"score":0.49309998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184049767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141355","display_name":"Coherent information","level":5,"score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778926657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum system","level":3,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116672817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454986","display_name":"Physical system","level":2,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51255310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163016","display_name":"Tensor product","level":2,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3445786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205805","display_name":"Conservation law","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67996461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629933","display_name":"Subalgebra","level":3,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105141246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6459475","display_name":"LOCC","level":4,"score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164953516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320357","display_name":"Closed set","level":2,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162392398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272404","display_name":"Finite set","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20050358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20050358","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/5/358/pdf?version=1526537690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33265448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1804.01943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.01943","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.01943","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:be18830046974c62b61daee0522c5ffa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/be18830046974c62b61daee0522c5ffa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 20, Iss 5, p 358 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/20/5/358/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20050358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 20; Issue 5; Pages: 358","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7512878","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7512878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20050358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20050358","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/5/358/pdf?version=1526537690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1472049032","https://openalex.org/W1523754616","https://openalex.org/W1619293558","https://openalex.org/W1620538313","https://openalex.org/W1621050367","https://openalex.org/W1643301482","https://openalex.org/W1644475622","https://openalex.org/W1647923837","https://openalex.org/W1752647802","https://openalex.org/W1824885473","https://openalex.org/W1928419836","https://openalex.org/W1959048617","https://openalex.org/W1969801718","https://openalex.org/W1977777707","https://openalex.org/W1978826851","https://openalex.org/W1979666980","https://openalex.org/W1985079222","https://openalex.org/W1986407511","https://openalex.org/W1988155384","https://openalex.org/W1993687768","https://openalex.org/W1994275197","https://openalex.org/W2009590872","https://openalex.org/W2012648735","https://openalex.org/W2013215727","https://openalex.org/W2017365165","https://openalex.org/W2017964195","https://openalex.org/W2024445223","https://openalex.org/W2029568264","https://openalex.org/W2032617180","https://openalex.org/W2040794877","https://openalex.org/W2040870895","https://openalex.org/W2042637464","https://openalex.org/W2045308005","https://openalex.org/W2053939928","https://openalex.org/W2069974662","https://openalex.org/W2082080684","https://openalex.org/W2083464927","https://openalex.org/W2084019889","https://openalex.org/W2085767576","https://openalex.org/W2087256203","https://openalex.org/W2089342991","https://openalex.org/W2113235349","https://openalex.org/W2129890844","https://openalex.org/W2132026231","https://openalex.org/W2139625432","https://openalex.org/W2150909030","https://openalex.org/W2151740156","https://openalex.org/W2157754228","https://openalex.org/W2161316267","https://openalex.org/W2281554188","https://openalex.org/W2315223786","https://openalex.org/W2331235646","https://openalex.org/W2331578546","https://openalex.org/W2339935580","https://openalex.org/W2404021876","https://openalex.org/W2522201491","https://openalex.org/W2558534393","https://openalex.org/W2580023716","https://openalex.org/W2585620050","https://openalex.org/W2598985404","https://openalex.org/W2624046957","https://openalex.org/W2624685823","https://openalex.org/W2763162295","https://openalex.org/W2950993906","https://openalex.org/W2963077944","https://openalex.org/W2963619589","https://openalex.org/W3037637275","https://openalex.org/W3037759832","https://openalex.org/W4241467129","https://openalex.org/W4246682128","https://openalex.org/W4300128422","https://openalex.org/W6639248094","https://openalex.org/W6785563940"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dividing":[0],"the":[1,10,85,98,147,155,193,205],"world":[2],"into":[3],"subsystems":[4,44,88,101,114,197],"is":[5,18,25],"an":[6],"important":[7],"component":[8],"of":[9,15,72,77,87,91,100,106,115,133,142,150,195,221],"scientific":[11],"method.":[12],"The":[13],"choice":[14],"subsystems,":[16],"however,":[17],"not":[19],"defined":[20],"a":[21,40,63,92,104,182,199,209],"priori.":[22],"Typically,":[23],"it":[24],"dictated":[26],"by":[27,121],"experimental":[28],"capabilities,":[29],"which":[30,213],"may":[31],"be":[32,111,179,217],"different":[33,35,119,131],"for":[34],"agents.":[36],"Here,":[37],"we":[38,158,189],"propose":[39],"way":[41],"to":[42,125,130,162,208],"define":[43],"in":[45,118,146,212],"general":[46],"physical":[47,170],"theories,":[48],"including":[49,135],"theories":[50],"beyond":[51],"quantum":[52,80,116,151],"and":[53,74,139,174],"classical":[54],"mechanics.":[55],"Our":[56],"construction":[57,83,124],"associates":[58],"every":[59],"agent":[60],"A":[61,66],"with":[62,69,103],"subsystem":[64],"S":[65],",":[67],"equipped":[68],"its":[70,75],"set":[71,76],"states":[73,177,194],"transformations.":[78],"In":[79],"theory,":[81],"this":[82],"accommodates":[84],"notion":[86,99],"as":[89,95,97,113,219],"factors":[90],"tensor":[93],"product,":[94],"well":[96],"associated":[102],"subalgebra":[105],"operators.":[107],"Classical":[108],"systems":[109,117,167],"can":[110,178,216],"interpreted":[112,218],"ways,":[120],"applying":[122],"our":[123,160],"agents":[126],"who":[127],"have":[128],"access":[129],"sets":[132,141],"operations,":[134],"multiphase":[136],"covariant":[137],"channels":[138],"certain":[140],"free":[143],"operations":[144],"arising":[145],"resource":[148],"theory":[149],"coherence.":[152],"After":[153],"illustrating":[154],"basic":[156],"definitions,":[157],"restrict":[159],"attention":[161],"closed":[163,187],"systems,":[164,188],"that":[165,191],"is,":[166],"where":[168,175],"all":[169,176,192,196],"transformations":[171],"act":[172],"invertibly":[173],"generated":[180],"from":[181],"fixed":[183],"initial":[184],"state.":[185],"For":[186],"show":[190],"admit":[198],"canonical":[200],"purification.":[201],"This":[202],"result":[203],"extends":[204],"purification":[206],"principle":[207],"broader":[210],"setting,":[211],"coherent":[214],"superpositions":[215],"purifications":[220],"incoherent":[222],"mixtures.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2018-04-13T00:00:00"}