{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2802041536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20040302","title":"Location-Aware Incentive Mechanism for Traffic Offloading in Heterogeneous Networks: A Stackelberg Game Approach","display_name":"Location-Aware Incentive Mechanism for Traffic Offloading in Heterogeneous Networks: A Stackelberg Game Approach","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2802041536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20040302","mag":"2802041536","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20040302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20040302","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/4/302/pdf?version=1525349357","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/4/302/pdf?version=1525349357","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005807178","display_name":"Kailing Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kailing Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037921589","display_name":"Yunpeng Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunpeng Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397725","display_name":"Yang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0608-9408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352249","display_name":"Xin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-6055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi 541000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi 541000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101851956","display_name":"Yuli Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9060-9933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuli Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062355760","display_name":"Changhua Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0434-8376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changhua Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100397725"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.395,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60202101,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"302","last_page":"302"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macrocell","display_name":"Macrocell","score":0.9771480560302734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.9606744647026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7753759622573853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.6653183698654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.5062936544418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4935656785964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4931044280529022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.46924638748168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-cell","display_name":"Small cell","score":0.4574929177761078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.4403587877750397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.415219783782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.1969403624534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.16457045078277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.1300555169582367}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778291847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163937","display_name":"Macrocell","level":3,"score":0.9771480560302734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.9606744647026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7753759622573853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6653183698654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.5062936544418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4935656785964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4931044280529022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.46924638748168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179655311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7543020","display_name":"Small cell","level":3,"score":0.4574929177761078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.4403587877750397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.415219783782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.1969403624534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.16457045078277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1300555169582367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20040302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20040302","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/4/302/pdf?version=1525349357","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33265393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/20/4/302/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20040302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 20; Issue 4; Pages: 302","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7512820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7512820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20040302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20040302","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/4/302/pdf?version=1525349357","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6909572389","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 61771488","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7006908513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 61771488,  No. 61671473 and No. 61631020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7883264718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 61671473 and No. 61631020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489158719","https://openalex.org/W1504230329","https://openalex.org/W1564671417","https://openalex.org/W1579148271","https://openalex.org/W1902130808","https://openalex.org/W1972221945","https://openalex.org/W1982597307","https://openalex.org/W1985135066","https://openalex.org/W2023903248","https://openalex.org/W2038127484","https://openalex.org/W2045847904","https://openalex.org/W2051696221","https://openalex.org/W2056088523","https://openalex.org/W2063847260","https://openalex.org/W2067398275","https://openalex.org/W2085733743","https://openalex.org/W2086574394","https://openalex.org/W2087117908","https://openalex.org/W2088562872","https://openalex.org/W2094667486","https://openalex.org/W2109100253","https://openalex.org/W2110667918","https://openalex.org/W2125890412","https://openalex.org/W2129059062","https://openalex.org/W2303085036","https://openalex.org/W2323683854","https://openalex.org/W2334842904","https://openalex.org/W2343600641","https://openalex.org/W2470777431","https://openalex.org/W2471987784","https://openalex.org/W2478057913","https://openalex.org/W2512788786","https://openalex.org/W2528797658","https://openalex.org/W2529848995","https://openalex.org/W2547452416","https://openalex.org/W2548027211","https://openalex.org/W2601001362","https://openalex.org/W2741152757","https://openalex.org/W2747746134","https://openalex.org/W2751369415","https://openalex.org/W2783325466","https://openalex.org/W2783525692","https://openalex.org/W2962836907","https://openalex.org/W3102197046","https://openalex.org/W3102506827","https://openalex.org/W6704511720"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062756478","https://openalex.org/W2613081813","https://openalex.org/W2807817153","https://openalex.org/W4205199998","https://openalex.org/W2802041536","https://openalex.org/W1499498562","https://openalex.org/W2783276544","https://openalex.org/W568081520","https://openalex.org/W2794077711","https://openalex.org/W2016398236"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,8,25,36,61,67,70,73,78,88,94,118,124,135,150,153,161,164],"traffic":[4],"offloading":[5,109],"problem":[6,110],"in":[7,22,84],"heterogeneous":[9],"network.":[10],"The":[11,108,131],"location":[12],"of":[13,27,59,63,69,90,96,104,134,152,163],"small":[14,52,91,127],"cells":[15,53,128],"is":[16,47,81,111,123,137,145],"considered":[17],"as":[18,66,113],"an":[19],"important":[20],"factor":[21],"two":[23],"aspects:":[24],"amount":[26,62],"resources":[28,64],"they":[29,39],"share":[30],"for":[31],"offloaded":[32],"macrocell":[33,56,101],"users":[34,102],"and":[35,126,142,157],"performance":[37,74],"enhancement":[38],"bring":[40],"after":[41],"offloading.":[42],"A":[43],"location-aware":[44],"incentive":[45],"mechanism":[46],"therefore":[48],"designed":[49],"to":[50,54,77,86,139,148],"incentivize":[51],"serve":[55],"users.":[57],"Instead":[58],"taking":[60],"shared":[65],"basis":[68],"reward":[71],"division,":[72],"promotion":[75],"brought":[76],"macro":[79,119],"network":[80],"taken.":[82],"Meanwhile,":[83],"order":[85],"ensure":[87],"superiority":[89],"cell":[92,120],"users,":[93],"significance":[95],"them":[97],"weighs":[98],"heavier":[99],"than":[100],"instead":[103],"being":[105],"treated":[106],"equally.":[107],"formulated":[112],"a":[114],"Stackelberg":[115,132],"game":[116,136],"where":[117],"base":[121],"station":[122],"leader":[125],"are":[129],"followers.":[130],"equilibrium":[133],"proved":[138,147],"be":[140,149],"existing":[141],"unique.":[143],"It":[144],"also":[146],"optimum":[151],"proposed":[154,165],"problem.":[155],"Simulation":[156],"numerical":[158],"results":[159],"verify":[160],"effectiveness":[162],"method.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}