{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2796089230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20040254","title":"Multiple Sclerosis Identification Based on Fractional Fourier Entropy and a Modified Jaya Algorithm","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Identification Based on Fractional Fourier Entropy and a Modified Jaya Algorithm","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2796089230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20040254","mag":"2796089230","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265345"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20040254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20040254","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/4/254/pdf?version=1525347308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/4/254/pdf?version=1525347308","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007987858","display_name":"Shuihua Wang\u200e","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-2791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125687163","display_name":"City College of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00wmhkr98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN","GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shui-Hua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, the City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA","Department of Informatics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, the City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049785774","display_name":"Hong Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9658-2313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152119","display_name":"Jiangsu Province Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04py1g812","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83519826","display_name":"Nanjing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gcgy73","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83519826"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152119","https://openalex.org/I83519826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103007606","display_name":"Preetha Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1712-1178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111146913","display_name":"West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01s8dqw53","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111146913"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Preetha Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 N Lee St, Lewisburg, WV 24901, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 N Lee St, Lewisburg, WV 24901, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111146913"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100434437","display_name":"Yudong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4870-1493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Dong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4870-1493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100434437"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349","https://openalex.org/I4210166499"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":5.6556,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9592803,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"254","last_page":"254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6264712810516357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5956331491470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.5213431119918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.507297694683075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5031210780143738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.463237464427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4615052044391632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44816964864730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22387298941612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0737321674823761}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6264712810516357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5956331491470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.5213431119918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.507297694683075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5031210780143738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.463237464427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4615052044391632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44816964864730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22387298941612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0737321674823761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20040254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20040254","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/4/254/pdf?version=1525347308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33265345","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:academicworks.cuny.edu:cc_pubs-1974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_pubs/935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196304","display_name":"CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","host_organization_name":"City University of New York","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Publications and Research","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3e89f1dde16c4b72a4feef09c8315c83","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3e89f1dde16c4b72a4feef09c8315c83","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 20, Iss 4, p 254 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/10199972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Multiple_Sclerosis_Identification_Based_on_Fractional_Fourier_Entropy_and_a_Modified_Jaya_Algorithm/10199972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402621","display_name":"INDIGO (University of Illinois at Chicago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lra.le.ac.uk:2381/45071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2381/45071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402365","display_name":"Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","host_organization_name":"University of Leicester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/20/4/254/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20040254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 20; Issue 4; Pages: 254","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7512770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7512770","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20040254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20040254","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/4/254/pdf?version=1525347308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3571069565","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20150983","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6609887306","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20150982","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G714120690","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"174100510009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7647858659","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20150982","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7849265695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8048212059","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20150983","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8486223991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20150983, BK20150982","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G968717280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324856","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2796089230.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2796089230.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1698059316","https://openalex.org/W1979676402","https://openalex.org/W1981773361","https://openalex.org/W2034309449","https://openalex.org/W2083504715","https://openalex.org/W2092592411","https://openalex.org/W2105206040","https://openalex.org/W2109178466","https://openalex.org/W2142577589","https://openalex.org/W2185967267","https://openalex.org/W2202656477","https://openalex.org/W2275123641","https://openalex.org/W2286295202","https://openalex.org/W2317780704","https://openalex.org/W2344036133","https://openalex.org/W2410006390","https://openalex.org/W2413943978","https://openalex.org/W2472064065","https://openalex.org/W2509876630","https://openalex.org/W2522810272","https://openalex.org/W2536744748","https://openalex.org/W2538829438","https://openalex.org/W2553647727","https://openalex.org/W2605176288","https://openalex.org/W2609530591","https://openalex.org/W2613166207","https://openalex.org/W2636030910","https://openalex.org/W2729033468","https://openalex.org/W2733399200","https://openalex.org/W2735230855","https://openalex.org/W2735577736","https://openalex.org/W2737802181","https://openalex.org/W2744570290","https://openalex.org/W2747530650","https://openalex.org/W2748543394","https://openalex.org/W2762736081","https://openalex.org/W6637189487","https://openalex.org/W6659024073","https://openalex.org/W6699709579","https://openalex.org/W6720214070"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378757965","https://openalex.org/W4224903346","https://openalex.org/W1593262897","https://openalex.org/W2898732673","https://openalex.org/W2372869593","https://openalex.org/W2384194537","https://openalex.org/W2410053581","https://openalex.org/W2383658677","https://openalex.org/W2031011156","https://openalex.org/W3123203398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aim:":[0],"Currently,":[1],"identifying":[2],"multiple":[3],"sclerosis":[4],"(MS)":[5],"by":[6,66,116],"human":[7],"experts":[8],"may":[9],"come":[10],"across":[11],"the":[12,46,59,79,119],"problem":[13],"of":[14,96,102,109,136],"\u201cnormal-appearing":[15],"white":[16],"matter\u201d,":[17],"which":[18],"causes":[19],"a":[20,29,52,62,67,94,100],"low":[21],"sensitivity.":[22],"Methods:":[23],"In":[24,142],"this":[25],"study,":[26],"we":[27],"presented":[28],"computer":[30],"vision":[31],"based":[32],"approached":[33],"to":[34,61,77,148],"identify":[35],"MS":[36,151],"in":[37,134],"an":[38,107],"automatic":[39],"way.":[40],"This":[41],"proposed":[42,68,120],"method":[43,92,145],"first":[44],"extracted":[45],"fractional":[47],"Fourier":[48],"entropy":[49],"map":[50],"from":[51],"specified":[53],"brain":[54],"image.":[55],"Afterwards,":[56],"it":[57],"sent":[58],"features":[60],"multilayer":[63],"perceptron":[64],"trained":[65],"improved":[69,121],"parameter-free":[70],"Jaya":[71,122,127],"algorithm.":[72],"We":[73,114],"used":[74],"cost-sensitivity":[75],"learning":[76],"handle":[78],"imbalanced":[80],"data":[81],"problem.":[82],"Results:":[83],"The":[84],"10":[85],"\u00d7":[86],"10-fold":[87],"cross":[88],"validation":[89],"showed":[90],"our":[91,144],"yielded":[93],"sensitivity":[95],"97.40":[97],"\u00b1":[98,104,111],"0.60%,":[99],"specificity":[101],"97.39":[103,110],"0.65%,":[105],"and":[106,129,139],"accuracy":[108],"0.59%.":[112],"Conclusions:":[113],"validated":[115],"experiments":[117],"that":[118],"performs":[123],"better":[124],"than":[125],"plain":[126],"algorithm":[128],"other":[130],"latest":[131],"bioinspired":[132],"algorithms":[133],"terms":[135],"classification":[137],"performance":[138],"training":[140],"speed.":[141],"addition,":[143],"is":[146],"superior":[147],"four":[149],"state-of-the-art":[150],"identification":[152],"approaches.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}