{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2794355405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20030180","title":"Fruit-80: A Secure Ultra-Lightweight Stream Cipher for Constrained Environments","display_name":"Fruit-80: A Secure Ultra-Lightweight Stream Cipher for Constrained Environments","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2794355405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20030180","mag":"2794355405","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20030180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20030180","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/3/180/pdf?version=1520498832","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/3/180/pdf?version=1520498832","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053252196","display_name":"Vahid Amin Ghafari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9190-9698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vahid Amin Ghafari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9190-9698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103242210","display_name":"Honggang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8903-8413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Honggang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8903-8413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103242210"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":3.5048,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93800536,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"180","last_page":"180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stream-cipher","display_name":"Stream cipher","score":0.9011052846908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7555163502693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystream","display_name":"Keystream","score":0.6551923155784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher","display_name":"Block cipher","score":0.5560175180435181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.5526106953620911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptanalysis","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","score":0.55013108253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher-mode-of-operation","display_name":"Block cipher mode of operation","score":0.5239113569259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stream-cipher-attack","display_name":"Stream cipher attack","score":0.5104879140853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.49292540550231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-cryptanalysis","display_name":"Differential cryptanalysis","score":0.4832907021045685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cipher","display_name":"Cipher","score":0.4574943482875824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.4396893084049225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3675393760204315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3411508798599243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.3291627764701843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32737278938293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2857832908630371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.14592134952545166}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92950451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864718","display_name":"Stream cipher","level":3,"score":0.9011052846908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7555163502693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776132008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509893","display_name":"Keystream","level":4,"score":0.6551923155784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.5560175180435181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.5526106953620911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181149355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897511","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","level":3,"score":0.55013108253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60448319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154021","display_name":"Block cipher mode of operation","level":2,"score":0.5239113569259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96675983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7622661","display_name":"Stream cipher attack","level":4,"score":0.5104879140853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.49292540550231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36123800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224471","display_name":"Differential cryptanalysis","level":4,"score":0.4832907021045685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.4574943482875824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.4396893084049225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3675393760204315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3411508798599243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.3291627764701843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32737278938293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2857832908630371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.14592134952545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20030180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20030180","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/3/180/pdf?version=1520498832","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33265271","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7512697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7512697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aaa4f27feb2b4bb9b23002ee5523e75a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aaa4f27feb2b4bb9b23002ee5523e75a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 20, Iss 3, p 180 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/20/3/180/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20030180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 20; Issue 3; Pages: 180","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20030180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20030180","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/3/180/pdf?version=1520498832","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2794355405.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6399285","https://openalex.org/W97949831","https://openalex.org/W171373254","https://openalex.org/W1238158613","https://openalex.org/W1544956979","https://openalex.org/W1554090281","https://openalex.org/W1561363170","https://openalex.org/W1572847050","https://openalex.org/W1865395495","https://openalex.org/W1903742260","https://openalex.org/W1971882628","https://openalex.org/W2071705091","https://openalex.org/W2076397729","https://openalex.org/W2078050139","https://openalex.org/W2128546931","https://openalex.org/W2148463282","https://openalex.org/W2161550346","https://openalex.org/W2165883295","https://openalex.org/W2170960580","https://openalex.org/W2173740000","https://openalex.org/W2276318674","https://openalex.org/W2296473011","https://openalex.org/W2397074368","https://openalex.org/W2397402334","https://openalex.org/W2398101434","https://openalex.org/W2400911942","https://openalex.org/W2402108048","https://openalex.org/W2405515207","https://openalex.org/W2406253312","https://openalex.org/W2591926943","https://openalex.org/W2605279000","https://openalex.org/W2765596487","https://openalex.org/W2767998798","https://openalex.org/W2781828448","https://openalex.org/W3031279314","https://openalex.org/W3131074427","https://openalex.org/W4213193213","https://openalex.org/W4240318878","https://openalex.org/W4256468542","https://openalex.org/W6632876566","https://openalex.org/W6712697501","https://openalex.org/W6712934040","https://openalex.org/W6713625259","https://openalex.org/W6713727746"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2252844198","https://openalex.org/W57138324","https://openalex.org/W3112291434","https://openalex.org/W2133254303","https://openalex.org/W2031363905","https://openalex.org/W1988893728","https://openalex.org/W3125259055","https://openalex.org/W1536123347","https://openalex.org/W2182811943","https://openalex.org/W2244520036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"Fast":[1],"Software":[2],"Encryption":[3],"(FSE)":[4],"2015,":[5],"while":[6,117],"presenting":[7],"a":[8,24,90,148],"new":[9,154,220],"idea":[10],"(i.e.,":[11],"the":[12,18,30,35,64,78,121,127,138,160,193,208,219],"design":[13,147,155],"of":[14,48,67,81,103,137,162,192,207],"stream":[15,58,166,188,209],"ciphers":[16,189,210],"with":[17],"small":[19],"internal":[20,128],"state":[21,129],"by":[22,217],"using":[23,218],"secret":[25],"key,":[26],"not":[27],"only":[28,110],"in":[29,34,52,61,107,190,199],"initialization":[31,194],"but":[32],"also":[33],"keystream":[36],"generation),":[37],"Sprout":[38,41,49],"was":[39,42,50,83,174],"proposed.":[40],"insecure":[43],"and":[44,70,98,105,145,176,196,211],"an":[45,164],"improved":[46],"version":[47,92],"presented":[51,88],"FSE":[53],"2017.":[54],"We":[55],"introduced":[56],"Fruit":[57,82],"cipher":[59,167],"informally":[60],"2016":[62],"on":[63,75],"web":[65],"page":[66],"IACR":[68],"(eprint)":[69],"few":[71],"cryptanalysis":[72],"were":[73],"published":[74],"it.":[76],"Fortunately,":[77],"main":[79],"structure":[80],"resistant.":[84],"Now,":[85],"Fruit-80":[86,108,182],"is":[87,94,99,109,168,179,183,202],"as":[89],"final":[91],"which":[93],"easier":[95],"to":[96,120,146,204],"implement":[97],"secure.":[100],"The":[101],"size":[102,130,198,216],"LFSR":[104],"NFSR":[106],"80":[111],"bits":[112],"(for":[113],"80-bit":[114],"security":[115,139],"level),":[116],"for":[118],"resistance":[119],"classical":[122],"time-memory-data":[123],"tradeoff":[124],"(TMDTO)":[125],"attacks,":[126],"should":[131],"be":[132],"at":[133],"least":[134],"twice":[135],"that":[136,159],"level.":[140],"To":[141],"satisfy":[142],"this":[143],"rule":[144],"concrete":[149],"cipher,":[150],"we":[151],"used":[152],"some":[153],"ideas.":[156],"It":[157,201],"seems":[158],"bottleneck":[161],"designing":[163],"ultra-lightweight":[165],"TMDTO":[169],"distinguishing":[170],"attacks.":[171],"A":[172],"countermeasure":[173,178],"suggested,":[175],"another":[177],"proposed":[180],"here.":[181],"better":[184],"than":[185],"other":[186],"small-state":[187],"terms":[191],"speed":[195],"area":[197,215],"hardware.":[200],"possible":[203],"redesign":[205],"many":[206],"achieve":[212],"significantly":[213],"smaller":[214],"idea.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2018-03-29T00:00:00"}
