{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2777584000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20010008","title":"Paths of Cultural Systems","display_name":"Paths of Cultural Systems","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2777584000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20010008","mag":"2777584000","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20010008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20010008","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/1/8/pdf?version=1515134485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/1/8/pdf?version=1515134485","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066712489","display_name":"Paul A. Ballonoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9296-6563"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul Ballonoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Owner and Operator, Ballonoff Consulting, 9307 Kings Charter Drive, Richmond, VA 23116, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9296-6563","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Owner and Operator, Ballonoff Consulting, 9307 Kings Charter Drive, Richmond, VA 23116, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066712489"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":5.6175,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96237357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"8","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9485999941825867,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11727","display_name":"Advanced Algebra and Logic","score":0.917900025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinship","display_name":"Kinship","score":0.7616423964500427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphism","display_name":"Homomorphism","score":0.6612603068351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/descent","display_name":"Descent (aeronautics)","score":0.5787367224693298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genealogy","display_name":"Genealogy","score":0.4939444661140442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.48749756813049316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4715214967727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.43781670928001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3039878010749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2772946357727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.273476243019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.24003377556800842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.1940278708934784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.1881914734840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropology","display_name":"Anthropology","score":0.1399901807308197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144348335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171318","display_name":"Kinship","level":2,"score":0.7616423964500427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4042151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215111","display_name":"Homomorphism","level":2,"score":0.6612603068351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776637919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624380","display_name":"Descent (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5787367224693298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.4939444661140442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.48749756813049316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4715214967727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.43781670928001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3039878010749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2772946357727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.273476243019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.24003377556800842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.1940278708934784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.1881914734840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.1399901807308197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20010008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20010008","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/1/8/pdf?version=1515134485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33265099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33265099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8d4f9b58864c423a8061804a95b29fe1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8d4f9b58864c423a8061804a95b29fe1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 20, Iss 1, p 8 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/20/1/8/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20010008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 20; Issue 1; Pages: 8","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7512278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7512278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e20010008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e20010008","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/1/8/pdf?version=1515134485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2777584000.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2777584000.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W291963497","https://openalex.org/W1553036070","https://openalex.org/W1967316841","https://openalex.org/W1980333612","https://openalex.org/W2023517175","https://openalex.org/W2029266528","https://openalex.org/W2032706496","https://openalex.org/W2049295957","https://openalex.org/W2058364068","https://openalex.org/W2070097598","https://openalex.org/W2108233139","https://openalex.org/W2136347968","https://openalex.org/W2161755345","https://openalex.org/W2777894090","https://openalex.org/W2901592970","https://openalex.org/W3105024741","https://openalex.org/W4212891874","https://openalex.org/W6610417319","https://openalex.org/W6747177670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1579373186","https://openalex.org/W4312685612","https://openalex.org/W4302551473","https://openalex.org/W2001056849","https://openalex.org/W2963183398","https://openalex.org/W2906083980","https://openalex.org/W2152147084","https://openalex.org/W2497998320","https://openalex.org/W1950610989","https://openalex.org/W4253670616"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,22,59],"theory":[1],"of":[2,48,54,94,104,109],"cultural":[3],"structures":[4],"predicts":[5],"the":[6],"objects":[7],"observed":[8],"by":[9,35],"anthropologists.":[10],"We":[11],"here":[12],"define":[13,20],"those":[14],"which":[15,80,114],"use":[16],"kinship":[17],"relationships":[18],"to":[19,85,87],"systems.":[21],"finite":[23,57],"structure":[24],"we":[25],"call":[26],"a":[27,40,43,70,82],"partially":[28],"defined":[29],"quasigroup":[30],"(or":[31],"pdq,":[32],"as":[33],"stated":[34],"Definition":[36],"1":[37],"below)":[38],"on":[39,92,100,107],"dictionary":[41],"(called":[42],"natural":[44],"language)":[45],"allows":[46,81],"prediction":[47],"certain":[49],"anthropological":[50],"descriptions,":[51],"using":[52,63],"homomorphisms":[53],"pdqs":[55],"onto":[56],"groups.":[58],"viable":[60,83,95,110],"history":[61,74,84],"(defined":[62],"pdqs)":[64],"states":[65,91,106],"how":[66],"an":[67],"individual":[68],"in":[69],"population":[71],"following":[72],"such":[73],"may":[75,112],"perform":[76],"culturally":[77],"allowed":[78],"associations,":[79],"continue":[86],"survive.":[88],"The":[89],"vector":[90,105],"sets":[93,108],"histories":[96,111,115],"identify":[97],"demographic":[98],"observables":[99],"descent":[101],"sequences.":[102],"Paths":[103],"determine":[113],"can":[116],"exist":[117],"empirically.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}