{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2586062954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e19020063","title":"Response Surface Methodology Control Rod Position Optimization of a Pressurized Water Reactor Core Considering Both High Safety and Low Energy Dissipation","display_name":"Response Surface Methodology Control Rod Position Optimization of a Pressurized Water Reactor Core Considering Both High Safety and Low Energy Dissipation","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2586062954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e19020063","mag":"2586062954"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e19020063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e19020063","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/19/2/63/pdf?version=1486978223","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/19/2/63/pdf?version=1486978223","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100722408","display_name":"Yining Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-2885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Ning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045682353","display_name":"Haochun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7712-623X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao-Chun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100717858","display_name":"Hou\u2013Yong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6543-5924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai-Yan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040479845","display_name":"Chao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4374-0423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045682353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":6.521,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96955195,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"63","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10597","display_name":"Nuclear reactor physics and engineering","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10597","display_name":"Nuclear reactor physics and engineering","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12560","display_name":"Nuclear Engineering Thermal-Hydraulics","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11242","display_name":"Nuclear Materials and Properties","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dissipation","display_name":"Dissipation","score":0.8426917791366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-rod","display_name":"Control rod","score":0.8302110433578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.6426782608032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pressurized-water-reactor","display_name":"Pressurized water reactor","score":0.5933343172073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-engineering","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","score":0.5838149785995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.5272994041442871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5182895064353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-reactor-core","display_name":"Nuclear reactor core","score":0.43603214621543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4274989366531372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.4028332233428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3343391418457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.33105260133743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2660927176475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2585025429725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.23137959837913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19213122129440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.1625034213066101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.10856354236602783}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135402231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898440","display_name":"Dissipation","level":2,"score":0.8426917791366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113603800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q615306","display_name":"Control rod","level":2,"score":0.8302110433578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.6426782608032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780406361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377968","display_name":"Pressurized water reactor","level":2,"score":0.5933343172073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.5838149785995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.5272994041442871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5182895064353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37750225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353262","display_name":"Nuclear reactor core","level":2,"score":0.43603214621543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4274989366531372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4028332233428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3343391418457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.33105260133743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2660927176475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2585025429725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.23137959837913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19213122129440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.1625034213066101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.10856354236602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e19020063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e19020063","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/19/2/63/pdf?version=1486978223","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2aaf4d7f754e482884d843839fbbc4e3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2aaf4d7f754e482884d843839fbbc4e3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 19, Iss 2, p 63 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/19/2/63/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e19020063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 19; Issue 2; Pages: 63","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e19020063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e19020063","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/19/2/63/pdf?version=1486978223","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1232610156","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51421063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3354201291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51421063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5270073940","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51536001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6297899186","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 51536001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7855332462","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. 51421063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8134500660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. 51421063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2586062954.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2586062954.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1095775999","https://openalex.org/W1969864115","https://openalex.org/W1986455314","https://openalex.org/W1988308975","https://openalex.org/W1996226468","https://openalex.org/W1999693501","https://openalex.org/W2007668855","https://openalex.org/W2008034786","https://openalex.org/W2015064854","https://openalex.org/W2019020590","https://openalex.org/W2021133972","https://openalex.org/W2032142674","https://openalex.org/W2034644523","https://openalex.org/W2035372940","https://openalex.org/W2055821200","https://openalex.org/W2060641406","https://openalex.org/W2065104883","https://openalex.org/W2071943724","https://openalex.org/W2072833831","https://openalex.org/W2078237749","https://openalex.org/W2088376206","https://openalex.org/W2119128992","https://openalex.org/W2137816966","https://openalex.org/W2171303908","https://openalex.org/W2222776456","https://openalex.org/W2225179976","https://openalex.org/W2229189406","https://openalex.org/W2239249289","https://openalex.org/W2248268816","https://openalex.org/W2460694692","https://openalex.org/W2505301266","https://openalex.org/W2518920409","https://openalex.org/W2521335702","https://openalex.org/W2527147983","https://openalex.org/W6647033335","https://openalex.org/W6650102987"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378712997","https://openalex.org/W1571872380","https://openalex.org/W2561297885","https://openalex.org/W340891354","https://openalex.org/W2588419768","https://openalex.org/W1994455783","https://openalex.org/W2056355198","https://openalex.org/W4205399197","https://openalex.org/W2001780918","https://openalex.org/W1899804910"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Response":[0],"Surface":[1],"Methodology":[2],"(RSM)":[3],"is":[4,25,37,58],"introduced":[5],"to":[6,46,60,75],"optimize":[7],"the":[8,28,33,48,52,62,77,95,101],"control":[9],"rod":[10],"positions":[11],"in":[12,100],"a":[13],"pressurized":[14],"water":[15],"reactor":[16],"(PWR)":[17],"core.":[18,102],"The":[19,121],"widely":[20],"used":[21],"3D-IAEA":[22],"benchmark":[23],"problem":[24],"selected":[26],"as":[27],"typical":[29],"PWR":[30],"core":[31],"and":[32,54,87,97,113,118],"neutron":[34],"flux":[35],"field":[36],"solved.":[38],"Besides,":[39],"some":[40],"additional":[41],"thermal":[42],"parameters":[43,93],"are":[44,71,124],"assumed":[45],"obtain":[47],"temperature":[49,85],"distribution.":[50],"Then":[51],"total":[53,88],"local":[55],"entropy":[56,89],"production":[57,90],"calculated":[59],"evaluate":[61],"energy":[63,98],"dissipation.":[64],"Using":[65],"RSM,":[66],"three":[67],"directions":[68],"of":[69,79],"optimization":[70,105,122],"taken,":[72],"which":[73,109],"aim":[74],"determine":[76],"minimum":[78],"power":[80],"peak":[81,84],"factor":[82],"Pmax,":[83,111],"Tmax":[86,112],"Stot.":[91],"These":[92],"reflect":[94],"safety":[96],"dissipation":[99],"Finally,":[103],"an":[104],"scheme":[106],"was":[107],"obtained,":[108],"reduced":[110],"Stot":[114],"by":[115],"23%,":[116],"8.7%":[117],"16%,":[119],"respectively.":[120],"results":[123],"satisfactory.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}