{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2273048275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e18020051","title":"Classification Active Learning Based on Mutual Information","display_name":"Classification Active Learning Based on Mutual Information","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2273048275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e18020051","mag":"2273048275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e18020051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e18020051","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/18/2/51/pdf?version=1454657413","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/18/2/51/pdf?version=1454657413","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029980254","display_name":"Jamshid Sourati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4893-2793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jamshid Sourati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007822978","display_name":"Murat Ak\u00e7akaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5094-1931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murat Akcakaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O\u2019Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O\u2019Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042038501","display_name":"Jennifer Dy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-134X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Dy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110201639","display_name":"Todd K. Leen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311060795","display_name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311060795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd Leen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22230, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22230, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311060795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083261801","display_name":"Deniz Erdo\u011fmu\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1114-3539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deniz Erdogmus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029980254"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":7.1098,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96945406,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"51","last_page":"51"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.777647852897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-information","display_name":"Mutual information","score":0.6248244047164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5436796545982361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5013258457183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.47647735476493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43097084760665894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.43034958839416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/batch-processing","display_name":"Batch processing","score":0.42947331070899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.4183975160121918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4072820544242859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3717004060745239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1899879276752472}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.777647852897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.6248244047164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5436796545982361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5013258457183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.47647735476493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43097084760665894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.43034958839416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172658912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661613","display_name":"Batch processing","level":2,"score":0.42947331070899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4183975160121918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4072820544242859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3717004060745239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1899879276752472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e18020051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e18020051","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/18/2/51/pdf?version=1454657413","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:d-scholarship.pitt.edu:40295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402372","display_name":"D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b0bf9bf5494740a4a07208e8b97865b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b0bf9bf5494740a4a07208e8b97865b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 18, Iss 2, p 51 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/18/2/51/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e18020051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 18; Issue 2; Pages: 51","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e18020051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e18020051","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/18/2/51/pdf?version=1454657413","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2273048275.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2273048275.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16640886","https://openalex.org/W120286951","https://openalex.org/W239561093","https://openalex.org/W1528361845","https://openalex.org/W1680189815","https://openalex.org/W1773652845","https://openalex.org/W1845402413","https://openalex.org/W1912128066","https://openalex.org/W1975672287","https://openalex.org/W1997783781","https://openalex.org/W2053381548","https://openalex.org/W2086058123","https://openalex.org/W2098742124","https://openalex.org/W2104848109","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2128678390","https://openalex.org/W2131824593","https://openalex.org/W2139238311","https://openalex.org/W2158557760","https://openalex.org/W2263717697","https://openalex.org/W2949071206","https://openalex.org/W2951911250","https://openalex.org/W2952359104","https://openalex.org/W3003506411","https://openalex.org/W6628964739","https://openalex.org/W6631784147","https://openalex.org/W6678635530","https://openalex.org/W6679227803","https://openalex.org/W6679608865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2466816617","https://openalex.org/W1970834875","https://openalex.org/W842936808","https://openalex.org/W3174028392","https://openalex.org/W2000517284","https://openalex.org/W2365318811","https://openalex.org/W2136503713","https://openalex.org/W2375330620","https://openalex.org/W2363755581","https://openalex.org/W1977605874"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Selecting":[0],"a":[1,8,17,24,30,131],"subset":[2],"of":[3,11,66,105,138,181,204],"samples":[4],"to":[5,47,62,92,96,122,166,175,198],"label":[6],"from":[7,162,189],"large":[9],"pool":[10],"unlabeled":[12],"data":[13,187,206],"points,":[14],"such":[15,73],"that":[16,50,193],"sufficiently":[18],"accurate":[19],"classifier":[20],"is":[21,29,52,89,100,173,184],"obtained":[22],"using":[23,186],"reasonably":[25],"small":[26],"training":[27],"set":[28],"challenging,":[31],"yet":[32],"critical":[33],"problem.":[34],"Challenging,":[35],"since":[36],"solving":[37],"this":[38,127,182],"problem":[39],"includes":[40],"cumbersome":[41],"combinatorial":[42],"computations,":[43],"and":[44,55,103,140],"critical,":[45],"due":[46],"the":[48,64,79,142,159,167,176,194,205],"fact":[49],"labeling":[51],"an":[53,147,163],"expensive":[54],"time-consuming":[56],"task,":[57],"hence":[58],"we":[59,120,129,134],"always":[60],"aim":[61],"minimize":[63],"number":[65],"required":[67],"labels.":[68],"While":[69],"information":[70,76],"theoretical":[71],"objectives,":[72],"as":[74,146],"mutual":[75],"(MI)":[77],"between":[78,144],"labels,":[80],"have":[81],"been":[82],"successfully":[83],"used":[84],"in":[85,110],"sequential":[86],"querying,":[87],"it":[88],"not":[90],"straightforward":[91],"generalize":[93],"these":[94],"objectives":[95,118],"batch":[97,150,168],"mode.":[98],"This":[99],"because":[101],"evaluation":[102],"optimization":[104],"functions":[106],"which":[107],"are":[108,121],"trivial":[109],"individual":[111],"querying":[112],"settings":[113],"become":[114],"intractable":[115],"for":[116,149,202],"many":[117],"when":[119,170],"select":[123],"multiple":[124],"queries.":[125],"In":[126],"paper,":[128],"develop":[130],"framework,":[132],"where":[133],"propose":[135],"efficient":[136,199],"ways":[137],"evaluating":[139],"maximizing":[141],"MI":[143],"labels":[145],"objective":[148],"mode":[151],"active":[152,200],"learning.":[153],"Our":[154],"proposed":[155,195],"framework":[156,183,196],"efficiently":[157],"reduces":[158],"computational":[160],"complexity":[161],"order":[164],"proportional":[165],"size,":[169],"no":[171],"approximation":[172],"applied,":[174],"linear":[177],"cost.":[178],"The":[179],"performance":[180],"evaluated":[185],"sets":[188],"several":[190],"fields":[191],"showing":[192],"leads":[197],"learning":[201],"most":[203],"sets.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}