{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2039062768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15114748","title":"The New Genetics and Natural versus Artificial Genetic Modification","display_name":"The New Genetics and Natural versus Artificial Genetic Modification","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2039062768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15114748","mag":"2039062768"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15114748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15114748","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/11/4748/pdf?version=1424785154","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/11/4748/pdf?version=1424785154","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113470548","display_name":"Mae\u2010Wan Ho","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mae-Wan Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Science in Society, 29 Tytherton Road, London N19 4PZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Science in Society, 29 Tytherton Road, London N19 4PZ, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113470548"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.885,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73558402,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"11","first_page":"4748","last_page":"4781"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10878","display_name":"CRISPR and Genetic Engineering","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10878","display_name":"CRISPR and Genetic Engineering","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11482","display_name":"RNA modifications and cancer","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organism","display_name":"Organism","score":0.748031735420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genome","display_name":"Genome","score":0.531516432762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.5073050856590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4767668843269348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna","display_name":"DNA","score":0.4568801820278168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rna","display_name":"RNA","score":0.44639572501182556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-biology","display_name":"Computational biology","score":0.42536723613739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/living-systems","display_name":"Living systems","score":0.4216732382774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.3816450834274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.21406516432762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.11769327521324158}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137858568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239","display_name":"Organism","level":2,"score":0.748031735420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141231307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genome","level":3,"score":0.531516432762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5073050856590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4767668843269348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.4568801820278168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.44639572501182556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.42536723613739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776184637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6506039","display_name":"Living systems","level":2,"score":0.4216732382774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.3816450834274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.21406516432762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.11769327521324158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15114748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15114748","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/11/4748/pdf?version=1424785154","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec3a1c66670941b8a596fa1353ed9b2b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec3a1c66670941b8a596fa1353ed9b2b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 15, Iss 11, Pp 4748-4781 (2013)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15114748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15114748","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/11/4748/pdf?version=1424785154","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2039062768.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2039062768.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":129,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W107225665","https://openalex.org/W111616472","https://openalex.org/W144306197","https://openalex.org/W151487342","https://openalex.org/W250563828","https://openalex.org/W277505960","https://openalex.org/W361181086","https://openalex.org/W644618396","https://openalex.org/W647204320","https://openalex.org/W1481273911","https://openalex.org/W1483648977","https://openalex.org/W1497296046","https://openalex.org/W1508225465","https://openalex.org/W1514046652","https://openalex.org/W1521833875","https://openalex.org/W1535157997","https://openalex.org/W1588637353","https://openalex.org/W1592653580","https://openalex.org/W1604521274","https://openalex.org/W1647075334","https://openalex.org/W1899687008","https://openalex.org/W1930843688","https://openalex.org/W1967781512","https://openalex.org/W1968223008","https://openalex.org/W1968717341","https://openalex.org/W1969363749","https://openalex.org/W1971643509","https://openalex.org/W1977107900","https://openalex.org/W1983796420","https://openalex.org/W1986455325","https://openalex.org/W1991293757","https://openalex.org/W1994179656","https://openalex.org/W2006026122","https://openalex.org/W2010134995","https://openalex.org/W2020850118","https://openalex.org/W2024675966","https://openalex.org/W2024977774","https://openalex.org/W2028694116","https://openalex.org/W2029647094","https://openalex.org/W2035074912","https://openalex.org/W2055214702","https://openalex.org/W2062132305","https://openalex.org/W2063148079","https://openalex.org/W2063955146","https://openalex.org/W2064188177","https://openalex.org/W2065549288","https://openalex.org/W2069148592","https://openalex.org/W2076272383","https://openalex.org/W2079249408","https://openalex.org/W2081065978","https://openalex.org/W2084568710","https://openalex.org/W2085164535","https://openalex.org/W2087975904","https://openalex.org/W2089708893","https://openalex.org/W2092822354","https://openalex.org/W2093385992","https://openalex.org/W2098255574","https://openalex.org/W2098270977","https://openalex.org/W2099407890","https://openalex.org/W2100102386","https://openalex.org/W2100323858","https://openalex.org/W2100415604","https://openalex.org/W2100560524","https://openalex.org/W2101679705","https://openalex.org/W2102687110","https://openalex.org/W2103329697","https://openalex.org/W2106517087","https://openalex.org/W2109688875","https://openalex.org/W2110808585","https://openalex.org/W2111484472","https://openalex.org/W2112804577","https://openalex.org/W2112857091","https://openalex.org/W2115438557","https://openalex.org/W2120867255","https://openalex.org/W2122099309","https://openalex.org/W2122851056","https://openalex.org/W2126466006","https://openalex.org/W2126779893","https://openalex.org/W2127473528","https://openalex.org/W2134318922","https://openalex.org/W2134375989","https://openalex.org/W2135514566","https://openalex.org/W2135551353","https://openalex.org/W2138207150","https://openalex.org/W2138466243","https://openalex.org/W2139623099","https://openalex.org/W2141181784","https://openalex.org/W2142769505","https://openalex.org/W2143868361","https://openalex.org/W2145646332","https://openalex.org/W2146138017","https://openalex.org/W2148731859","https://openalex.org/W2150395782","https://openalex.org/W2153779089","https://openalex.org/W2155462269","https://openalex.org/W2156672031","https://openalex.org/W2158475171","https://openalex.org/W2160754811","https://openalex.org/W2165374397","https://openalex.org/W2166527836","https://openalex.org/W2166955188","https://openalex.org/W2167086976","https://openalex.org/W2168051144","https://openalex.org/W2169576181","https://openalex.org/W2170200949","https://openalex.org/W2171563918","https://openalex.org/W2171758103","https://openalex.org/W2346128858","https://openalex.org/W2400132400","https://openalex.org/W2402715597","https://openalex.org/W2403804098","https://openalex.org/W2419188808","https://openalex.org/W2502528252","https://openalex.org/W2591281991","https://openalex.org/W2741340870","https://openalex.org/W3000376485","https://openalex.org/W4238937537","https://openalex.org/W4245072240","https://openalex.org/W4252902608","https://openalex.org/W4256449170","https://openalex.org/W6630526942","https://openalex.org/W6652895908","https://openalex.org/W6675297765","https://openalex.org/W6676533531","https://openalex.org/W6679315951","https://openalex.org/W6680374922","https://openalex.org/W6680458423","https://openalex.org/W6681742703","https://openalex.org/W6685457083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W24843447","https://openalex.org/W94193318","https://openalex.org/W2028140658","https://openalex.org/W322176015","https://openalex.org/W2173289516","https://openalex.org/W2902739288","https://openalex.org/W50245586","https://openalex.org/W2491578129","https://openalex.org/W4207074934","https://openalex.org/W1925475638"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"original":[1],"rationale":[2],"and":[3,82,86,100,119,134],"impetus":[4],"for":[5,23,132],"artificial":[6],"genetic":[7,68,93],"modification":[8,69],"was":[9],"the":[10,21,45,48,55,61,103,115,122],"\u201ccentral":[11],"dogma\u201d":[12],"of":[13,47,78,125],"molecular":[14,76],"biology":[15],"that":[16,51,129],"assumed":[17],"DNA":[18,83],"carries":[19],"all":[20],"instructions":[22],"making":[24],"an":[25,73],"organism,":[26],"which":[27],"are":[28,117,130],"transmitted":[29],"via":[30],"RNA":[31,81],"to":[32,34,44,59,64,85],"protein":[33],"biological":[35,90],"function":[36],"in":[37,66,70,88,95],"linear":[38],"causal":[39],"chains.":[40],"This":[41],"is":[42,97],"contrary":[43],"reality":[46],"\u201cfluid":[49],"genome\u201d":[50],"has":[52],"emerged":[53],"since":[54],"mid-1970s.":[56],"In":[57],"order":[58],"survive,":[60],"organism":[62],"needs":[63],"engage":[65],"natural":[67,104,108],"real":[71],"time,":[72],"exquisitely":[74],"precise":[75],"dance":[77],"life":[79],"with":[80,102],"responding":[84],"participating":[87],"\u201cdownstream\u201d":[89],"functions.":[91],"Artificial":[92],"modification,":[94],"contrast,":[96],"crude,":[98],"imprecise,":[99],"interferes":[101],"process.":[105],"It":[106],"drives":[107],"systems":[109],"towards":[110],"maximum":[111],"biosemiotic":[112],"entropy":[113],"as":[114],"perturbations":[116],"propagated":[118],"amplified":[120],"through":[121],"complex":[123],"cascades":[124],"interactions":[126],"between":[127],"subsystems":[128],"essential":[131],"health":[133],"longevity.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
