{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2234364740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15072736","title":"An Economics-Based Second Law Efficiency","display_name":"An Economics-Based Second Law Efficiency","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2234364740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15072736","mag":"2234364740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15072736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15072736","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/7/2736/pdf?version=1424785026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/7/2736/pdf?version=1424785026","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049977660","display_name":"Karan H. Mistry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karan Mistry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056726834","display_name":"John H. Lienhard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2901-0638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Lienhard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056726834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.5373,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8986618,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"2736","last_page":"2765"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12074","display_name":"Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12008","display_name":"Solar-Powered Water Purification Methods","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5549225211143494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analogy","display_name":"Analogy","score":0.5258679389953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desalination","display_name":"Desalination","score":0.5007765293121338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-law-of-thermodynamics","display_name":"Second law of thermodynamics","score":0.4695202708244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.43918776512145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.4232366383075714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4217653274536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.41526883840560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-engineering","display_name":"Process engineering","score":0.4013080894947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3464493155479431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.24749314785003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23310557007789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.17303681373596191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13746890425682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13685309886932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.11278200149536133}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5549225211143494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521332185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185816","display_name":"Analogy","level":2,"score":0.5258679389953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776870568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190873","display_name":"Desalination","level":3,"score":0.5007765293121338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119820323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177045","display_name":"Second law of thermodynamics","level":2,"score":0.4695202708244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43918776512145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4232366383075714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4217653274536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.41526883840560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.4013080894947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3464493155479431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.24749314785003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23310557007789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.17303681373596191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13746890425682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13685309886932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11278200149536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15072736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15072736","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/7/2736/pdf?version=1424785026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:df6e7d6641f44537ad492547a2289224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/df6e7d6641f44537ad492547a2289224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 15, Iss 7, Pp 2736-2765 (2013)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/15/7/2736/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e15072736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 15; Issue 7; Pages: 2736-2765","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15072736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15072736","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/7/2736/pdf?version=1424785026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8131463033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R13-CW-10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","funder_display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2234364740.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2234364740.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W583408546","https://openalex.org/W584840422","https://openalex.org/W1496654623","https://openalex.org/W1498159274","https://openalex.org/W1531254996","https://openalex.org/W1567902216","https://openalex.org/W1963482660","https://openalex.org/W1963639999","https://openalex.org/W1972688390","https://openalex.org/W1972714024","https://openalex.org/W1974109073","https://openalex.org/W1985439152","https://openalex.org/W1994438492","https://openalex.org/W1997478630","https://openalex.org/W1997662977","https://openalex.org/W1999436561","https://openalex.org/W1999595821","https://openalex.org/W2010660303","https://openalex.org/W2012270576","https://openalex.org/W2016598390","https://openalex.org/W2024229562","https://openalex.org/W2026677194","https://openalex.org/W2027748539","https://openalex.org/W2027993162","https://openalex.org/W2037292548","https://openalex.org/W2039055206","https://openalex.org/W2048376647","https://openalex.org/W2052445302","https://openalex.org/W2056697704","https://openalex.org/W2057799955","https://openalex.org/W2059912413","https://openalex.org/W2064247100","https://openalex.org/W2066298506","https://openalex.org/W2078147490","https://openalex.org/W2114960378","https://openalex.org/W2136038406","https://openalex.org/W2141982567","https://openalex.org/W2145255171","https://openalex.org/W2145654279","https://openalex.org/W2519495532","https://openalex.org/W2895846923","https://openalex.org/W2896579526","https://openalex.org/W4236554549","https://openalex.org/W4237504296","https://openalex.org/W4239979203","https://openalex.org/W6727223174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392206215","https://openalex.org/W2365201483","https://openalex.org/W2355561779","https://openalex.org/W2352407775","https://openalex.org/W108701362","https://openalex.org/W2186567693","https://openalex.org/W2469799552","https://openalex.org/W2768582344","https://openalex.org/W3089174036","https://openalex.org/W4200452277"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Second":[0,73,83,143,175],"Law":[1,74,84,176],"efficiency":[2,75,85,177],"is":[3,54,76,87,94,121,147,214,231,258],"a":[4,13,58,105,203,220,227,243,250],"useful":[5,55],"parameter":[6,59],"for":[7,43,50],"characterizing":[8],"the":[9,18,24,38,81,97,100,109,119,124,127,133,142,190,262],"energy":[10,30,131,137,269],"requirements":[11],"of":[12,20,26,37,41,99,103,112,117,126,130,136,181,206,226,249],"system":[14,192,257],"in":[15,48,187],"relation":[16],"to":[17,56,80,89,123,149,161,233,260],"limits":[19],"performance":[21],"prescribed":[22],"by":[23,78,108,141,240],"Laws":[25],"Thermodynamics.":[27],"However,":[28],"since":[29],"costs":[31,157,237,264],"typically":[32],"represent":[33],"less":[34],"than":[35],"50%":[36],"overall":[39,191],"cost":[40,102,111,116,125],"product":[42,106,120],"many":[44],"large-scale":[45],"plants":[46],"(and,":[47],"particular,":[49],"desalination":[51,91],"plants),":[52],"it":[53],"have":[57],"that":[60,151],"can":[61,154],"characterize":[62],"both":[63],"energetic":[64,222,245],"and":[65,86,158,169,183,209,223,246],"economic":[66,224,236,247],"effects.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"an":[71],"economics-based":[72,174],"defined":[77,95],"analogy":[79,146],"exergetic":[82],"applied":[88],"several":[90],"systems.":[92],"It":[93],"as":[96,139,165],"ratio":[98],"minimum":[101,115,134],"producing":[104,118],"divided":[107],"actual":[110],"production.":[113],"The":[114,145,173],"equal":[122],"primary":[128],"source":[129],"times":[132],"amount":[135],"required,":[138],"governed":[140],"Law.":[144],"used":[148],"show":[150,234],"thermodynamic":[152],"irreversibilities":[153,186],"be":[155],"assigned":[156],"compared":[159],"directly":[160],"non-energetic":[162],"costs,":[163],"such":[164],"capital":[166],"expenses,":[167],"labor":[168],"other":[170],"operating":[171],"costs.":[172,193],"identifies":[178],"costly":[179],"sources":[180],"irreversibility":[182],"places":[184],"these":[185],"context":[188],"with":[189,266],"These":[194],"principles":[195],"are":[196,238],"illustrated":[197],"through":[198],"three":[199],"case":[200],"studies.":[201],"First,":[202],"simple":[204],"analysis":[205],"multistage":[207],"flash":[208],"multiple":[210],"effect":[211],"distillation":[212,256],"systems":[213],"performed":[215],"using":[216],"available":[217],"data.":[218],"Second,":[219],"complete":[221,244],"model":[225,248],"reverse":[228],"osmosis":[229],"plant":[230],"developed":[232,259],"how":[235],"influenced":[239],"energetics.":[241],"Third,":[242],"solar":[251],"powered":[252],"direct":[253],"contact":[254],"membrane":[255],"illustrate":[261],"true":[263],"associated":[265],"so-called":[267],"free":[268],"sources.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
