{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2083442964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062218","title":"Vessel Pattern Knowledge Discovery from AIS Data: A Framework for Anomaly Detection and Route Prediction","display_name":"Vessel Pattern Knowledge Discovery from AIS Data: A Framework for Anomaly Detection and Route Prediction","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2083442964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062218","mag":"2083442964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15062218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062218","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2218/pdf?version=1424785021","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2218/pdf?version=1424785021","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087641493","display_name":"Giuliana Pallotta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-6287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giuliana Pallotta","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO), Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), Viale San Bartolomeo 400, 19126, La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO), Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), Viale San Bartolomeo 400, 19126, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073818477","display_name":"Michele Vespe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2309-7266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Vespe","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO), Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), Viale San Bartolomeo 400, 19126, La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO), Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), Viale San Bartolomeo 400, 19126, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109038957","display_name":"Karna Bryan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karna Bryan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO), Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), Viale San Bartolomeo 400, 19126, La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO), Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), Viale San Bartolomeo 400, 19126, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087641493"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":45.8744,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":672,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99965438,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"2218","last_page":"2245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9503999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.758570671081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6933088898658752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-identification-system","display_name":"Automatic Identification System","score":0.5554945468902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.5401126742362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5237441062927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.522986888885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.49406698346138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3684651851654053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32509082555770874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.758570671081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6933088898658752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146997752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787197","display_name":"Automatic Identification System","level":2,"score":0.5554945468902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.5401126742362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5237441062927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.522986888885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.49406698346138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3684651851654053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32509082555770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15062218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062218","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2218/pdf?version=1424785021","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c7ece941f1ce4d318d488b84959dbf6e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c7ece941f1ce4d318d488b84959dbf6e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 15, Iss 6, Pp 2218-2245 (2013)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/15/6/2218/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e15062218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 15; Issue 6; Pages: 2218-2245","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15062218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062218","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2218/pdf?version=1424785021","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332923","display_name":"U.S. Navy","ror":"https://ror.org/03ar0mv07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338298","display_name":"Office of Naval Research Global","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2083442964.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2083442964.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W654657142","https://openalex.org/W1501262304","https://openalex.org/W1509114836","https://openalex.org/W1522605563","https://openalex.org/W1530595269","https://openalex.org/W1565833649","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1715917841","https://openalex.org/W1910163803","https://openalex.org/W1970278756","https://openalex.org/W2012580531","https://openalex.org/W2033930722","https://openalex.org/W2034813969","https://openalex.org/W2045325640","https://openalex.org/W2048189453","https://openalex.org/W2060679450","https://openalex.org/W2087469698","https://openalex.org/W2089105876","https://openalex.org/W2092272787","https://openalex.org/W2100106957","https://openalex.org/W2111918405","https://openalex.org/W2112082363","https://openalex.org/W2122075562","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2128534087","https://openalex.org/W2130494750","https://openalex.org/W2131363888","https://openalex.org/W2133235827","https://openalex.org/W2133806441","https://openalex.org/W2154728678","https://openalex.org/W2156933804","https://openalex.org/W2158449659","https://openalex.org/W2161587450","https://openalex.org/W2169278414","https://openalex.org/W2204804592","https://openalex.org/W2396041434","https://openalex.org/W2480575800","https://openalex.org/W2530077054","https://openalex.org/W3190894976","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6633736288","https://openalex.org/W6711961907","https://openalex.org/W6742510497"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2788604587","https://openalex.org/W4321456424","https://openalex.org/W4205214170","https://openalex.org/W6776735","https://openalex.org/W2067795130","https://openalex.org/W3024912289","https://openalex.org/W2593091547","https://openalex.org/W2982428536","https://openalex.org/W4245432329","https://openalex.org/W2046757413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"maritime":[1,130],"traffic":[2],"patterns":[3,132,158],"is":[4,38,54,90,133,146],"key":[5],"to":[6,13,57,66,98,113,126,136,141],"Maritime":[7],"Situational":[8],"Awareness":[9],"applications,":[10],"in":[11,43,72],"particular,":[12],"classify":[14],"and":[15,26,46,75,92,110,115,122,153,157,170,183,192,197],"predict":[16],"activities.":[17],"Facilitated":[18],"by":[19],"the":[20,61,68,106,127,160],"recent":[21],"build-up":[22],"of":[23,29,52,63,70,102,108,118,129,178],"terrestrial":[24],"networks":[25],"satellite":[27],"constellations":[28],"Automatic":[30],"Identification":[31],"System":[32],"(AIS)":[33],"receivers,":[34],"ship":[35],"movement":[36,131],"information":[37,53,142],"becoming":[39],"increasingly":[40,55],"available,":[41],"both":[42],"coastal":[44],"areas":[45],"open":[47],"waters.":[48],"The":[49,162],"resulting":[50],"amount":[51],"overwhelming":[56],"human":[58],"operators,":[59],"requiring":[60],"aid":[62],"automatic":[64],"processing":[65],"synthesize":[67],"behaviors":[69],"interest":[71],"a":[73,147],"clear":[74],"effective":[76],"way.":[77],"Although":[78],"AIS":[79],"data":[80,140,193],"are":[81],"only":[82],"legally":[83],"required":[84],"for":[85,149,175],"larger":[86],"vessels,":[87],"their":[88],"use":[89],"growing,":[91],"they":[93],"can":[94],"be":[95],"effectively":[96],"used":[97],"infer":[99],"different":[100,176],"levels":[101,177],"contextual":[103],"information,":[104],"from":[105,138],"characterization":[107],"ports":[109],"off-shore":[111],"platforms":[112],"spatial":[114],"temporal":[116],"distributions":[117],"routes.":[119],"An":[120],"unsupervised":[121],"incremental":[123],"learning":[124],"approach":[125],"extraction":[128],"presented":[134],"here":[135],"convert":[137],"raw":[139],"supporting":[143],"decisions.":[144],"This":[145],"basis":[148],"automatically":[150],"detecting":[151],"anomalies":[152],"projecting":[154],"current":[155],"trajectories":[156],"into":[159],"future.":[161],"proposed":[163],"methodology,":[164],"called":[165],"TREAD":[166],"(Traffic":[167],"Route":[168],"Extraction":[169],"Anomaly":[171],"Detection)":[172],"was":[173],"developed":[174],"intermittency":[179],"(i.e.,":[180,186,195],"sensor":[181],"coverage":[182],"performance),":[184],"persistence":[185],"time":[187],"lag":[188],"between":[189],"subsequent":[190],"observations)":[191],"sources":[194],"ground-based":[196],"space-based":[198],"receivers).":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}