{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2050801920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062181","title":"An Automatic Multilevel Image Thresholding Using Relative Entropy and Meta-Heuristic Algorithms","display_name":"An Automatic Multilevel Image Thresholding Using Relative Entropy and Meta-Heuristic Algorithms","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2050801920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062181","mag":"2050801920"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15062181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062181","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2181/pdf?version=1424785021","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2181/pdf?version=1424785021","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082345507","display_name":"Yun-Chia Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0375-0830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99908691","display_name":"Yuan Ze University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fv1ds98","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yun-Chia Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Yuan Ze University, 320, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Yuan Ze University, 320, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042045034","display_name":"Josue Cuevas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99908691","display_name":"Yuan Ze University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fv1ds98","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josue Cuevas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Yuan Ze University, 320, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Yuan Ze University, 320, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082345507"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.3826,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84011477,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"2181","last_page":"2209"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.847869873046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.642846405506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balanced-histogram-thresholding","display_name":"Balanced histogram thresholding","score":0.5920354127883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5720922946929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.555147647857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5551050305366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kullback\u2013leibler-divergence","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","score":0.5322031378746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.4892446994781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44135603308677673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4176277220249176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.41646474599838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.40619635581970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.31272244453430176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.847869873046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.642846405506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202577368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2576067","display_name":"Balanced histogram thresholding","level":5,"score":0.5920354127883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5720922946929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.555147647857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5551050305366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171752962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255166","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","level":2,"score":0.5322031378746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.4892446994781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44135603308677673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4176277220249176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.41646474599838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.40619635581970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.31272244453430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136943445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970240","display_name":"Histogram equalization","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15062181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062181","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2181/pdf?version=1424785021","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.307.6913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.307.6913","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2181/pdf/","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:154a9586db03422b83f6e4c927c45bd1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/154a9586db03422b83f6e4c927c45bd1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 15, Iss 6, Pp 2181-2209 (2013)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/15/6/2181/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e15062181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 15; Issue 6; Pages: 2181-2209","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15062181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062181","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2181/pdf?version=1424785021","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321040","display_name":"National Science Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2050801920.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2050801920.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494320715","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1553296127","https://openalex.org/W1579271636","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1968393512","https://openalex.org/W2008043556","https://openalex.org/W2009028679","https://openalex.org/W2042036937","https://openalex.org/W2060632169","https://openalex.org/W2090814130","https://openalex.org/W2120176508","https://openalex.org/W2132725786","https://openalex.org/W2148948822","https://openalex.org/W2164800951","https://openalex.org/W2170741744","https://openalex.org/W2402846924","https://openalex.org/W2488678869","https://openalex.org/W2543580944","https://openalex.org/W3030673824","https://openalex.org/W6629516205","https://openalex.org/W6682642761"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990592446","https://openalex.org/W2032558130","https://openalex.org/W2353864504","https://openalex.org/W2750730210","https://openalex.org/W2356573839","https://openalex.org/W4237142086","https://openalex.org/W2327601824","https://openalex.org/W2106833984","https://openalex.org/W2009028679","https://openalex.org/W2111883783"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multilevel":[0,16],"thresholding":[1,17,36,57],"has":[2],"been":[3],"long":[4,75],"considered":[5],"as":[6,118,184],"one":[7],"of":[8,83,91,125,134],"the":[9,28,40,55,92,96,112,132,139,155,161,167],"most":[10,90],"popular":[11],"techniques":[12],"for":[13],"image":[14,22,41,98],"segmentation.":[15],"outputs":[18],"a":[19,62,80,100,106,151,179,190],"gray":[20],"scale":[21],"in":[23,42,164],"which":[24],"more":[25],"details":[26,94],"from":[27,95],"original":[29,97],"picture":[30],"can":[31,37,129],"be":[32],"kept,":[33],"while":[34],"binary":[35],"only":[38,171],"analyze":[39],"two":[43,50],"colors,":[44],"usually":[45],"black":[46],"and":[47,78,158],"white.":[48],"However,":[49],"major":[51],"existing":[52],"problems":[53],"with":[54,178],"multilevel":[56],"technique":[58,182],"are:":[59],"it":[60],"is":[61,99,121],"time":[63],"consuming":[64],"approach,":[65],"i.e.,":[66],"finding":[67],"appropriate":[68],"threshold":[69],"values":[70],"could":[71],"take":[72],"an":[73],"exceptionally":[74],"computation":[76],"time;":[77],"defining":[79],"proper":[81],"number":[82,133],"thresholds":[84,135],"or":[85],"levels":[86],"that":[87,153],"will":[88],"keep":[89],"relevant":[93],"difficult":[101],"task.":[102],"In":[103],"this":[104,126,148,165],"study":[105,149],"new":[107,127],"evaluation":[108],"function":[109,128],"based":[110],"on":[111],"Kullback-Leibler":[113],"information":[114],"distance,":[115],"also":[116,188],"known":[117,181],"relative":[119,156],"entropy,":[120],"proposed.":[122],"The":[123],"property":[124],"help":[130],"determine":[131],"automatically.":[136],"To":[137],"offset":[138],"expensive":[140],"computational":[141],"effort":[142],"by":[143],"traditional":[144],"exhaustive":[145],"search":[146],"methods,":[147],"establishes":[150],"procedure":[152,169],"combines":[154],"entropy":[157],"meta-heuristics.":[159],"From":[160],"experiments":[162],"performed":[163],"study,":[166],"proposed":[168],"not":[170],"provides":[172],"good":[173],"segmentation":[174],"results":[175],"when":[176],"compared":[177],"well":[180],"such":[183],"Otsu\u2019s":[185],"method,":[186],"but":[187],"constitutes":[189],"very":[191],"efficient":[192],"approach.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
